Vaccines Meet Big Data: State-of-the-Art and Future Prospects. From the Classical 3Is (“Isolate–Inactivate–Inject”) Vaccinology 1.0 to Vaccinology 3.0, Vaccinomics, and Beyond: A Historical Overview

Abstract

Vaccines are public health interventions aimed at preventing infections-related mortality, morbidity, and disability. While vaccines have been successfully designed for those infectious diseases preventable by preexisting neutralizing specific antibodies, for other communicable diseases, additional immunological mechanisms should be elicited to achieve a full protection. “New vaccines” are particularly urgent in the nowadays society, in which economic growth, globalization, and immigration are leading to the emergence/reemergence of old and new infectious agents at the animal–human interface. Conventional vaccinology (the so-called “vaccinology 1.0”) was officially born in 1796 thanks to the contribution of Edward Jenner. Entering the twenty-first century, vaccinology has shifted from a classical discipline in which serendipity and the Pasteurian principle of the three Is (isolate, inactivate, and inject) played a major role to a science, characterized by a rational design and plan (“vaccinology 3.0”). This shift has been possible thanks to Big Data, characterized by different dimensions, such as high volume, velocity, and variety of data. Big Data sources include new cutting-edge, high-throughput technologies, electronic registries, social media, and social networks, among others. The current mini-review aims at exploring the potential roles as well as pitfalls and challenges of Big Data in shaping the future vaccinology, moving toward a tailored and personalized vaccine design and administration.

How Big Data and Artificial Intelligence Can Help Better Manage the COVID-19 Pandemic

“…There are various types of Big Data, based on their sources: (i) molecular Big Data (obtained by means of wet-lab techniques and OMICS-based approaches, such as genomics, and post-genomics specialties, including proteomics, and interactomics); (ii) imaging-based Big Data (like radiomics or the massive data-mining approach to extract clinically meaningful, high-dimensional information from images); (iii) sensor-based Big Data (wearable sensors); and (iv) digital and computational Big Data (with an incredible wealth of data produced by the internet, smart phones, and other mobile devices) [10][11][12][13].…”

Design of an Epitope-Based Vaccine Ensemble for Animal Trypanosomiasis by Computational Methods

“…Nonetheless, since studies relying on classical approaches have mostly failed, innovative strategies might be required to overcome the challenge, e.g., a multi-antigenic epitope-based vaccine ensemble as the one proposed here. The increasing availability of genomic and other omics data on pathogens, allows researchers to use immune-informatics approaches towards a reverse vaccinology driven development [32]. Some of these tools are already being applied for the development of vaccines against cattle-relevant pathogens [33][34][35] or the search of new diagnostics for T. vivax [36].…”

Novel approaches for the design, delivery and administration of vaccine technologies

“…Historically, vaccine development has been based on the 'three Is' paradigm of Louis Pasteur (isolate, inactivate, inject) [5]. Historically, vaccine development has been based on the 'three Is' paradigm of Louis Pasteur (isolate, inactivate, inject) [5].…”

“…Although vaccines have been undeniably successful, improvements in vector production, delivery and ease of use would be of great benefit. Historically, vaccine development has been based on the 'three Is' paradigm of Louis Pasteur (isolate, inactivate, inject) [5]. However, an improved understanding of immunology, pathology and microbiology is now helping vaccine development to adopt a more 'rational design' approach [5,6].…”

“…Historically, vaccine development has been based on the 'three Is' paradigm of Louis Pasteur (isolate, inactivate, inject) [5]. However, an improved understanding of immunology, pathology and microbiology is now helping vaccine development to adopt a more 'rational design' approach [5,6]. A large portion of these rationally designed vaccines consist of a 'minimalist' composition (i.e.…”