Vacuum Brazing of WC-8Co Cemented Carbides to Carbon Steel Using Pure Cu and Ag-28Cu as Filler Metal

Zhang, X. Z.; Liu, G. W.; Tao, Jun; Shao, Haicheng; Fu, Hao; Pan, Tao; Qiao, Guanjun

doi:10.1007/s11665-016-2424-6

Cited by 45 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The problem with that approach is that, in contrast to the induction brazing process, not only a small region but all joining partners are exposed comprehensively to the occurring temperatures. Usually, silver-and copper-based filler metals with liquidus temperatures over 750 °C are used for vacuum brazing [8]. The high temperatures and long dwell times, which are due to the sluggish heating and cooling behavior of vacuum furnaces, lead to microstructural changes in the used pre-hardened tool steel.…”

Section: Brazing At Elevated Temperaturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, a sufficiently high cooling rate is essential for increasing hardness, strength, and stiffness and for avoiding undesirable intermediate phase mixtures (e.g., pearlite or bainite) in the steel [6]. Generally, brazed cemented carbide/ transformation hardening tool steel joints are either cooled freely [7], in a controlled manner with a cooling rate between 3 and 15 °C/min [8][9][10], or the authors do not address the temperature-time profile during the cooling phase at all [11][12][13][14]. The focus, which is generally put on the braze joint properties as well as the lack of consideration regarding the ideal steel heat treatment and properties, leaves room for further developments in terms of manufacturing a long-lasting, wear-resistant cemented carbide-steel tool with a balanced joint strength and sufficient mechanical steel properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An investigation of the influence of integration of steel heat treatment and brazing process on the microstructure and performance of vacuum-brazed cemented carbide/steel joints

et al. 2022

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Cemented carbides are commonly brazed to transformation hardening tool steels without taking a proper and adequate steel heat treatment into account. This publication shows the limits and possibilities of integrating a steel heat treatment, including a quenching process, into a vacuum brazing process. Therefore, copper-based filler metals are selected to ensure the steel component’s high and homogenous hardness and supply a high joint quality. In this context, the aimed steel hardness was chosen in the range between 400 and 440 HV1 based on industrial experiences. This specific hardness range for the steel component was set to avoid wear of machining tools in subsequent machining steps if the steel hardness is too high and to prevent wear and deformation of the tool itself in case of a steel hardness too low. When using the transformation hardening tool steel 1.2344, the obtained shear strength values did not exceed a threshold of 20 MPa which can be attributed to the required N2-quenching from brazing respectively solution annealing temperature. However, the steel components featured a hardness of 527.1 HV1 for the specimens brazed with pure copper at 1100 °C and 494.0 HV1 for those brazed with a CuGeNi filler metal at 1040 °C. This publication also shows an alternative route to manufacture long-lasting tools with a cemented carbide/steel joint by applying the difficult to wet and not well researched, but for many other reasons very suitable precipitation hardening maraging steel. Especially, the comparable low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and the capability of the lath martensite to compensate large amounts of externally imposed stresses during the austenite-to-martensite transformation as well as the cooling rate independent of the hardening mechanism of the maraging steel and a pre-applied nickel coating including the corresponding diffusion processes are responsible for a sound joint with a shear strength > 300 MPa. Moreover, the subsequent tempering process at 580 °C for 3 h provides the maraging steel joining partner with a hardness of 426.6 ± 6.0 HV1.

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Section: Brazing At Elevated Temperaturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An investigation of the influence of integration of steel heat treatment and brazing process on the microstructure and performance of vacuum-brazed cemented carbide/steel joints

et al. 2022

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“…Filler metals used for the brazing of cemented carbide included Zn-based, Ag-based [34][35][36], and Cu-based [38][39][40][41][42] alloys, as well as "sandwich structure" alloys [43]. The main drawback of using filler metals containing Silver (Ag) and Zinc (Zn) is the high potential of evaporation during soldering.…”

Section: Selection Of Brazing Filler Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissimilar Welding and Joining of Cemented Carbides

Wang

Chen

et al. 2019

Metals

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Cemented carbides have been widely used in aerospace, biomedical/wearable sensor, automobile, microelectronic, and other manufacturing industries owing to their superior physical and chemical properties at elevated temperatures. These superior properties, however, make it difficult to process these materials using conventional manufacturing methods. In this article, an overview of the welding and joining processes of cemented carbide and steel is given, followed by a few examples of welding processes. Cemented carbides can be successfully joined by sinter-bonding, brazing and soldering, laser beam welding, tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding, diffusion welding, friction welding, electron-beam welding, and chemical vapor deposition. An overview of the benefits and drawbacks of brazing and soldering of cemented carbide and steel is presented, including reports on joint design, processes, and selection of brazing filler metals. The laser welding of cemented carbide and steel is addressed and reviewed, including reports on gap bridging ability, the inclusion/absence of filler metals, interlayers, and laser/TIG hybrid welding. Finally, a section is devoted to explaining the main issues remaining in the welding and joining of cemented carbide, corresponding solutions, and future work required.

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“…Copper (Cu) and silver (Ag) based brazing filler metal`s (BFM) systems are mainly used because of their superior ductility and toughness. It is known that the adhesion of the BFM to the substrate is one of the factors determining mechanical properties of the brazed joint [7][8]. There are not so many works focused on wetting cemented carbides with melts [9][10].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Copperbased filler metals are alloyed with such elements as manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co) to improve the wettability of the cemented carbide surface in vacuum, to increase the strength of the joint, as well as to ensure the hardening temperature of steel used as tool body material [3,7]. At the same time, authors of [7] report that in the microstructure of the WC -Co/pure Cu/steel brazed joints, a diffusion zone is observed on the cemented carbide side of brazed seam with a thickness of 2-3 μm. In work [3], researchers note the presence of erosion activity of the filler metal in relation to cobalt binder of cemented carbide.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of adhesion and diffusion activity of Cu – Mn – Ni brazing filler metal with WC – 8Co cemented carbide

Misnikov¹,

Базлова²,

Pashkov³

2021

nfm

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In this work, the interaction between Cu -Mn -Ni brazing filler metal (BFM) melt and WC -8Co cemented carbide is studied. In particular, the diffusion interaction in a binary system (BFM-cemented carbide substrate) and a ternary system (steel-BFM-cemented carbide substrate) is considered. An attempt has been made to control the interaction process by applying thin metal coatings (Ti, Cr, Al, Ni, Cu) by the magnetron sputtering method. For the CuMn24Ni9 filler metal temperature dependences of contact angles on cemented carbide are obtained. Their dependences on the coating material and the depth of interaction between BFM melt and cemented carbide substrate is also estimated. It was found that the thickness of the diffusion layer of brazing filler metal into the cemented carbide depends on the temperature and does not depend on the coating material and the amount of liquid interacting with the substrate. The depth of copper diffusion into the cemented carbide is 100 ± 5 μm for a heating temperature 1120 o C and 50 ± 8 μm for a temperature 960 o C. Without coating, the contact angle is 15. The minimum contact angle obtained on the Ni coating is 6. For Al, Cr and Ti coatings, to obtain a contact angle of less than 10, high temperatures are required, over 1200 o C. The evaluation of the failure mechanism of brazed samples with preliminary deposited metal coatings during shear testing has been carried out. Fracture of all brazed samples took place on the cemented carbide, except for those coated with Ti. Cracks in all samples originated in the region above the fillet, and then penetrated deep into the material.

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Vacuum Brazing of WC-8Co Cemented Carbides to Carbon Steel Using Pure Cu and Ag-28Cu as Filler Metal

Cited by 45 publications

References 25 publications

An investigation of the influence of integration of steel heat treatment and brazing process on the microstructure and performance of vacuum-brazed cemented carbide/steel joints

An investigation of the influence of integration of steel heat treatment and brazing process on the microstructure and performance of vacuum-brazed cemented carbide/steel joints

Dissimilar Welding and Joining of Cemented Carbides

Investigation of adhesion and diffusion activity of Cu – Mn – Ni brazing filler metal with WC – 8Co cemented carbide

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