Vacuum sublimation and solvent extraction of polycyclic aromatic compounds adsorbed on carbonaceous materials

Stenberg, Ulf; Alsberg, Tomas

doi:10.1021/ac00236a028

Cited by 52 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Such semi-polar polar compounds may be oxidation products of PAHs, e.g., ketones, quinones, and acid anhydrides (Stenberg and Alsberg 1981). The acetone fractions from the majority of the investigated locations in the present study were potentially more toxic to N. spinipes than the corresponding hexane fractions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Hazard identification of contaminated sites—ranking potential toxicity of organic sediment extracts in crustacean and fish

et al. 2008

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Background, aim, and scope It is well known that contaminated sediments represent a potential long-term source of pollutants to the aquatic environment. To protect human and ecosystem health, it is becoming common to remediate contaminated sites. However, the great cost associated with, e.g., dredging in combination with the large numbers of contaminated sites makes it crucial to pinpoint those sites that are in greatest need of remediation. In most European countries, this prioritization process has almost exclusively been based on chemical analyses of known substances; only seldom toxicity data has been considered. The main objective of the current study was therefore to develop a tool for hazard identification of sediment by ranking potential toxicity of organic sediment extracts in a crustacean and a fish. A secondary objective was to investigate the difference in potential toxicity between compounds with different polarities. Materials and methods Early life stages of the crustacean Nitocra spinipes and the fish Oncorhynchus mykiss, which represent organisms from different trophic levels (primary and secondary consumer) and with different routes of exposure (i.e., ingestion through food, diffusive uptake, and maternal transfer), were exposed to hexane and acetone fractions (semi-polar compounds) of sediment from five locations, ranging from heavily to low contaminated. Preliminary tests showed that the extracts were non-bioavailable to the crustacean when exposed via water, and the extracts were therefore loaded on silica gel. Rainbow trout embryos were exposed using nano-injection technique.Results and discussion Clear concentration-response relationships of both mortality and larval development were observed in all tests with N. spinipes. Also for rainbow trout, the observed effects (e.g., abnormality, hemorrhage, asymmetric yolk sac) followed a dose-related pattern. Interestingly, our results indicate that some of the locations contained toxic semi-polar compounds, which are normally not considered in risk assessment of sediment since they are focused on compounds isolated in the hexane fraction. Conclusions The ranking of the five sediments followed the expected pattern of potential toxicity in both organisms, i.e., sediments with known pollution history caused major effects while reference sediments caused minor effects in the two test systems. Silica gel turned out to be an excellent carrier for exposure of N. spinipes to very hydrophobic and otherwise non-bioavailable sediment extracts. Recommendations and perspectivesSince both test systems demonstrated that a substantial part of the potential toxicity was caused by semi-polar compounds in the acetone fractions, this study enlightens our poor understanding of which compounds are causing adverse effects in environmental samples. Therefore, by investigating potential toxicity (i.e., hazard identification) as a first screening step in prioritizing processes, these implications could be avoided. For proper sediment risk assessment, we however recommend w...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Hazard identification of contaminated sites—ranking potential toxicity of organic sediment extracts in crustacean and fish

et al. 2008

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“…Vapor phase sample preparation methods related to distillation are summarized in Table l . Sweep co-distillation [16,17], co-distillation and solvent extraction [I 81, reflux trapping [19], and sublimation [20] provide relatively clean samples which can often be analyzed directly by capillary column gas chromatography without further sample cleanup. Table 2 summarizes methods suitable for determining trace organic compounds in water [21].…”

Section: Isolation and Concentration Techniques Using Physical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and concentration techniques for capillary column gas chromatographic analysis

Poole

Schuette

1983

J. High Resol. Chromatogr.

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“…203204 Extracts of carbon blacks commonly used for newspaper printing have been shown by Agurell and Löfroth 201 to be mutagenic in the absence and/or the presence of S9. The activity that required metabolic activation is most probably caused by PAH or heterocyclic PAHcompounds shown to be present in several types of carbon black by Fitch and Smith 205 and by Stenberg et al 206 Carbon blacks that have been after-treated in order to improve the surface properties do often contain direct mutagens. The mutagenic response in various tester strains reveal the presence of nitrocontaining compounds in most of these samples.…”

Section: F Carbon Black In Some Printing Itemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of microbial mutagens in complex samples—methodology and application

Alfheim¹,

Bjørseth²,

Møller³

et al. 1984

Critical Reviews in Environmental Control

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Vacuum sublimation and solvent extraction of polycyclic aromatic compounds adsorbed on carbonaceous materials

Cited by 52 publications

References 25 publications

Hazard identification of contaminated sites—ranking potential toxicity of organic sediment extracts in crustacean and fish

Hazard identification of contaminated sites—ranking potential toxicity of organic sediment extracts in crustacean and fish

Isolation and concentration techniques for capillary column gas chromatographic analysis

Characterization of microbial mutagens in complex samples—methodology and application

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