Validated Gas Chromatographic–Negative Ion Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometric Method for Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Sweat Patches

Saito, Takeshi; Wtsadik, Abraham; Scheidweiler, Karl B.; Fortner, Neil; Takeichi, Sanae; Huestis, Marilyn A.

doi:10.1373/clinchem.2004.034868

Cited by 50 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…To the knowledge of the authors fentanyl excretion in sweat has not been studied. Detection of drugs (22)(23)(24) and drugs of abuse (but not fentanyl) (25)(26)(27) in sweat has been published by a number of authors, but quantification has not been possible until recently. A study by Appenzeller et al (28) has shown that levels of sodium ions may be correlated to the sweat volume collected on each patch, thus allowing calculation of drug concentrations in this matrix.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Fentanyl in Sweat and Hair of a Patient using Transdermal Patches

Schneider

Ait-m-bark

Schummer

et al. 2008

Journal of Analytical Toxicology

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IFentanyl is a synthetic opioid used to treat intense chronic pain. In this study, the authors report detection and quantification of fentanyl in sweat and hair of a patient receiving fentanyl (25 pg/h) via a transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) for 22 days. Sweat was collected using sweat patches every night on days 13-21 of the therapy, and hair was collected 12 weeks after the end of the treatment. Detection and quantification was performed wffh liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using electron spray ionization in selected reaclion monitoring mode. Alfentanyl was used as internal standard for quantification in hair and in sweat. Sodium ions have been used as endogenous internal reference for determination of volume of sweat excreted on each patch. Results show presence of fentanyl in both matrices. Fentanyl concentrations in sweat varied from 0.17 to 1.02 ng/pL, and timeresolved segmented hair analysis showed a maximum fentanyl concentration of 0.48 ng/mg of hair during the period of the therapy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Fentanyl in Sweat and Hair of a Patient using Transdermal Patches

Schneider

Ait-m-bark

Schummer

et al. 2008

Journal of Analytical Toxicology

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“…In conclusion, the report of Saito et al (15 ) in this issue of Clinical Chemistry is a first relevant step for the routine detection of THC consumption through sweat testing. The stage is set for the next steps of experimental studies of environmental skin contamination and studies to characterize drug reabsorption from patches.…”

Section: Usefulness Of Sweat Testing For the Detection Of Cannabis Smokementioning

confidence: 88%

“…Success in sweat testing for several drugs of abuse (4,(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13) has been accomplished because of substantial advances in sample collection and improved accuracy of measurement methods. An important advance is the development of the sweat patch technology (14 ), used by Saito et al (15 ) to detect ⌬ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in sweat, as reported in this issue of Clinical Chemistry. Sweat patches applied to the skin allow oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor to escape, whereas the nonvolatile components, including drugs of abuse, are retained in the absorbent pad (8 ).…”

Section: Usefulness Of Sweat Testing For the Detection Of Cannabis Smokementioning

confidence: 99%

Usefulness of Sweat Testing for the Detection of Cannabis Smoke

Torre

Pichini

2004

Clinical Chemistry

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“…Group 2 patches were tested using a previously published GC/MS method [20]. Briefly, THC and deuterated THC internal standard were added directly to sweat patches and allowed to air dry at room temperature.…”

Section: Gc/ms Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) in the United States has proposed a cutoff concentration of 1 ng THC/patch for federally mandated workplace testing programs [19]. Saito et al reported a validated gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method with a LOQ of 0.4 ng THC/patch and found concentrations of 0.9 to 3.1 ng THC/patch in several 24-hour sweat patches from one cannabis user [20]. The expected disposition of THC in sweat from chronic cannabis users has not been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excretion of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in sweat

Huestis

Scheidweiler

Saito

et al. 2008

Forensic Science International

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Sweat testing is a noninvasive technique for monitoring drug exposure over a 7-day period in treatment, criminal justice, and employment settings. We evaluated Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) excretion in 11 daily cannabis users after cessation of drug use. PharmChek ® sweat patches worn for 7 days were analyzed for THC by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The limit of quantification (LOQ) for the method was 0.4 ng THC/patch. Sweat patches worn the first week of continuously monitored abstinence had THC above the United States Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration's proposed cutoff concentration for federal workplace testing of 1 ng THC/patch. Mean ± S.E.M. THC concentrations were 3.85 ± 0.86 ng THC/patch. Eight of 11 subjects had negative patches the second week and one produced THC positive patches for four weeks of monitored abstinence. We also tested daily and weekly sweat patches from 7 subjects who were administered oral doses of up to 14.8 mg THC/day for five consecutive days. In this oral THC administration study, no daily or weekly patches had THC above the LOQ; concurrent plasma THC concentrations were all less than 6.1 μg/L. In conclusion, using proposed federal cutoff concentrations, most daily cannabis users will have a positive sweat patch in the first week after ceasing drug use and a negative patch after subsequent weeks, although patches may remain positive for four weeks or more. Oral ingestion of up to 14.8 mg THC daily does not produce a THC positive sweat patch test.

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Validated Gas Chromatographic–Negative Ion Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometric Method for Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Sweat Patches

Cited by 50 publications

References 24 publications

Determination of Fentanyl in Sweat and Hair of a Patient using Transdermal Patches

Determination of Fentanyl in Sweat and Hair of a Patient using Transdermal Patches

Usefulness of Sweat Testing for the Detection of Cannabis Smoke

Excretion of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in sweat

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