Validation and Application of an Analysis Method of Four Metabolites of Nitrofurans in Honey

Abstract

Although nitrofurans are supposed to be absent in foods, they are still used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of infections in animals not bred for consumption. That meant that there are still samples of honey contaminated with residues of nitrofurans because of bees treated with those pharmaceutical substances. Developing accessible methods to detect them is of high interest to food residue monitoring and regulation programs. We propose an immunochemical method as an alternative to detect four toxic metabolites of nitrofurans (1-aminoimidazolidine-2,4-dione, 3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone, 3-amino-2-oxazolidone and semicarbazide) in honey. The new method has been optimized and validate for the simultaneous determination of the four metabolites of the nitrofurans honey using biochip technology, and it has been used for the quantitative determination of the residues in 16 Romanian honey samples. The evaluated validation parameters included: linearity, sensitivity (IC50 �2.32 mg/kg), specificity and selectivity, precision (intermediate and reproducibility) and accuracy, decision limit (CCa between 0.37 and 1.05 mg/kg), detection capability (CCb between 0.42 and 1.14 mg/kg), and recovery coefficient (64�192%).

Estimation of Quinolones, Ceftiofur, and Thiamphenicol Residues Levels in Honey

“…To confirm the linearity of the method, a 9-point calibration was performed for each analyte using the standards included in the Antimicrobial Array II kit. The results obtained were automatically processed using the analyser software [15,26]. The standards were supplied in a compact kit and the calibration curves were automatically generated by the dedicated analyser software.…”

“…According to the validation guides, the percentage of cross-reactivity for drug residue determination in honey should not exceed 25% for concentrating the analytes at the minimum limit of quantification [13]. According to the current legislation and validation guides for the methods of determining the drug residues in honey, the accuracy and precision are evaluated for concentrations representing 50 %, 100% and 150 % respectively of the minimum required performance limit (MRPL) required for antibiotic residues in honey bees: MRPL = 1 µg/kg [15,26]. The accuracy within the same analytical series was determined by analysing 20 replicates of negative samples of honey that were spiked to achieve those 3 concentration levels of antibiotics.…”

Immunochemical Assay of Chloramphenicol in Honey

“…The validation method and the honey analysis procedure were performed in accordance with 2002/657/EC Decision, FDA approved validation guidelines and validation guidelines for screening methods for veterinary drug residues. The validation parameters evaluated were: linearity, sensitivity (IC50), specificity and selectivity, precision (intermediate and reproducibility), accuracy, detection limit and recovery [17,18,20]. The linearity of the method was evaluated by performing a 9-point calibration using the calibrators included in the Anti Microbial Array III kit.…”

“…Honey from across the world is contaminated with potent pesticides [8,10,14,15]. When analysed almost half the samples contained a cocktail of pesticides [1,5,6,9,[17][18][19][20][21][22][24][25][26]. Chloramphenicol is an aminoglycoside obtained for the first time in 1947 from Streptomyces venezuela [3,7], but since 1950 it is obtained through synthesis.…”

Experimental Study on the Influence of Sulfonamide Drug Residues From Honey on Biochemical Parameters in Lab Rats

“…There is little information regarding the toxicity of sulfonamides residues from honey and its implications on the biochemical parameters [4,19,[22][23][24][25]33]. The objectives of the research were to study the influence of some sulfonamides residues in honey on Wistar rats, by evaluating various biochemical parameters.…”