Validation and Establishment of Social Change Indicator among Urban Poverty: Multidimensional Verification Based on Multivariate Analysis

Abstract

The issue of poverty becomes more serious with the migration of people from rural to urban in search of employment opportunities and comfortable life compared to rural areas. However, the process of development and modernisation has disrupted sustainability and lifestyle of the society. This study aims to examine the structure and the validity of social change indicators among urban poverty. The participants were 412 urban poor in Kelang Valley, Malaysia. A set of the semi-structured questionnaire were distributed, and the data set completed analyse with Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) to obtain the appropriate model for social change research indicator. Next, a series of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted, targeting to cross-validate the result obtain from EFA analysis. This study postulates suggestion of the reliability and validity of social wellbeing, social capital and human capital as social change indicator.