River pollution is a problem that threatens humans, animals and plant. River pollution is often associated with a lack of knowledge about river pollution issue. This issue is also linked to a lack of responsibility in managing the river. This study aims to identify the level of knowledge, attitude and behavior of the residents at River Terengganu. The approach adopted in this study is a quantitative-based on the survey method. The findings show that the level of knowledge, attitude and behavior of residents on the issue of river pollution is moderate. The findings showed that the mean of knowledge, attitudes and behavior are respectively 4.38, 4.72 and 4.70. In conclusion, the people who are living near the river play a major role in maintaining the river's sustainability. So deep understanding is needed as a basis for shaping people's attitudes and behaviors in order to conserve the river. This study has the potential to improve these three elements to face the river pollution issues. Keywords: Knowledge, Attitude, Behavior, River Pollution, Terengganu River    Abstrak: Pencemaran sungai merupakan masalah yang memberi ancaman kepada manusia, haiwan dan tumbuh-tumbuhan. Pencemaran sungai yang berlaku banyak dikaitkan dengan kurangnya pengetahuan berkaitan isu pencemaran sungai. Bahkan isu ini turut dikaitkan dengan kurangnya sikap bertanggungjawab dalam menguruskan sungai. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenalpasti tahap pengetahuan, sikap dan tingkah laku penduduk di Sungai Terengganu. Pendekatan yang digunapakai dalam kajian ini adalah kaedah kuantitatif yang berasaskan kepada kaedah tinjauan. Instrumen yang digunapakai adalah borang soal selidik yang mengandungi empat bahagian. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan tahap pengetahuan, sikap dan tingkah laku penduduk terhadap isu pencemaran sungai berada pada tahap yang sederhana. Hasil kajian mendapati min bagi pengetahuan, sikap dan tingkah laku adalah masing-masing 4.38, 4.70 dan 4.72. Kesimpulannya, masyarakat yang tinggal berhampiran sungai mempunyai peranan yang besar dalam menjaga kelestarian sungai. Maka pemahaman yang mendalam diperlukan sebagai asas untuk membentuk sikap dan tingkah laku masyarakat supaya memulihara sungai. Kajian ini berpotensi untuk meningkatkan ketiga-tiga elemen ini sekiranya berhadapan dengan isu pencemaran sungai. Kata kunci: Pengetahuan, Sikap, Tingkah Laku, Sungai Terengganu

Our nation has recently become quite concerned about the issue of environmental pollution, especially with the deterioration of river quality. The Department of Environment's monitoring efforts has revealed significant declines in the nation's river water quality. Focusing on all-encompassing and well-coordinated initiatives to improve the quality of life is essential for raising public awareness and fostering a sense of shared responsibility for the environment. The main objective of this study is to develop a spatial model using a Geographic Information System (GIS) for determining the level of knowledge, attitude, and behavior among Kampung Laut respondents toward the conservation of the Ibai River in Terengganu, Malaysia. This study applied a quantitative methodology and collected its data through a survey method. By using clustered sampling, 78 respondents in all were chosen. The study was conducted in the Ibai rivers, which Terengganu had classified as contaminated. The statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 21 was used to analyze the data descriptively and inferentially, while GIS was employed for the spatial model. The data were gathered via a questionnaire. The findings show that the level of knowledge was high and attitude was at a moderate level.  Meanwhile, the findings depict that respondents' behavior in river conservation is low. The findings also show that knowledge and attitude did not correlate with environmental behavior. This study is critical and significant in ensuring the sustainability of the river. The stakeholders are also involved in this study's policy-making and efforts to address the problems of river pollution. The general public, regardless of age, can contribute to the ecosystem's well-being by teaching the next generation to cherish the environment, especially the rivers.

Cultural ecological tourism is a source for the preservation of habitats and species of life. This sector is seen as having the potential to generate job opportunities and income for indigenous communities, especially the Orang Asli of the Batek tribe who live around the Kuala Tahan National Park. The main objective of this paper is to discuss strategies to empower the involvement of indigenous communities in cultural ecological tourism in Kuala Tahan National Park. The study was conducted in six Batek settlements by adopting qualitative methods. Data was collected by the application of participatory observation techniques, in-depth interviews, and document analysis. Data was coordinated and analyzed using QSR Nvivo software. The findings of the study show that various strategies can be applied to empowering the Batek people's involvement in cultural ecological tourism such as the cooperation of all parties including government agencies, Non-Governmental Organizations, universities, and tourism companies. Empowerment strategies can also be applied by applying an integrated approach, which is the amalgamation of ecological, and cultural tourism with other economic activities in addition to improving the delivery of quality tourism products and services.

River conservation represents important environmental behavior for a sustainable environment. This research is to measure the validity and reliability of the instrument for measuring river conservation behavior model. The research instrument was administered to 373 respondents who were selected trough cluster sampling in 10 polluted rivers in the Terengganu state, Malaysia. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to validate the measurement model for items in the behavioral instrument. The findings of the study have dropped 36 items and retained 48 valid and reliable items to measure eleven constructs that affected the resident’s behavior. These behavioral instruments can be used to obtain a community profile as an indicator to improve the behavior of the residents towards river conservation.

The issue of poverty becomes more serious with the migration of people from rural to urban in search of employment opportunities and comfortable life compared to rural areas. However, the process of development and modernisation has disrupted sustainability and lifestyle of the society. This study aims to examine the structure and the validity of social change indicators among urban poverty. The participants were 412 urban poor in Kelang Valley, Malaysia. A set of the semi-structured questionnaire were distributed, and the data set completed analyse with Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) to obtain the appropriate model for social change research indicator. Next, a series of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted, targeting to cross-validate the result obtain from EFA analysis. This study postulates suggestion of the reliability and validity of social wellbeing, social capital and human capital as social change indicator.