Validation and reliability of the Malaysian English version of the psychosocial impact of dental aesthetics questionnaire for adolescents

Abstract

BackgroundThe Malay version of the Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire has been validated for use by Malaysian adolescents. Although Malay is their national language, English is widely used as the lingua franca among Malaysians of different ethnicities. This study aimed to validate an English version of the PIDAQ adapted for use by Malaysian adolescents to optimize data capture from adolescents who prefer English as the medium for communication.MethodsThe published English version of PIDAQ was pilot tested on 12- to 17-year-old adolescents, resulting in a few modifications to suit the Malaysian variety of English. Psychometric properties were tested on 393 adolescents who attended orthodontic practices and selected schools. Malocclusion was assessed using the Malocclusion Index, an aggregation of Perception of Occlusion Scale and the Aesthetic Component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need, by the subjects (MI-S) and investigators (MI-D). Data were analysed for internal consistency and age-associated invariance, discriminant, construct and criterion validities, reproducibility and floor and ceiling effects using AMOS v.20 and SPSS v.20.ResultsThe item Don’t like own teeth on video of the Aesthetic Concern (AC) subscale was not relevant to a large proportion of participants (11.7%). Therefore, it was removed and the Malaysian English PIDAQ was analysed based on 22 items instead of 23 items. Confirmatory factor analysis showed good fit statistics (comparative fit index: 0.902, root-mean-square error of approximation: 0.066). Internal consistency was good for the Dental Self-Confidence, Social Impact and Psychological Impact subscales (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.70-0.95) but lower (0.52–0.62) though acceptable for the AC subscale as it consisted of only 2 items. The reproducibility test was acceptable (intra-class correlations: 0.53–0.78). For all PIDAQ subscales, the MI-S and MI-D scores of those with severe malocclusion differed significantly from those with no or slight malocclusion. There were significant associations between the PIDAQ subscales with ranking of perceived dental appearance, need for braces and impact of malocclusion on daily activities. There were no floor or ceiling effects.ConclusionThe adapted Malaysian English PIDAQ demonstrated adequate psychometric properties that are valid and reliable for assessment of psychological impacts of dental aesthetics among Malaysian adolescents.

Prevalence, Extent and Severity of the Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics among Malaysian Adolescents

“…The internal consistencies of the PIDA domains were satisfactorily and consistent with past reports (Wan Hassan et al 2017aHassan et al , 2017b. The Cronbach alpha values for the DSC (0.86), SI (0.88) and PI (0.85) domains were within the recommended range of 0.70 and 0.95 (Terwee et al 2007).…”

“…The sample size for a prevalence study (Daniel 1999) with a 95% confidence, an expected prevalence of 18.8% (Abdullah 2011) and a precision of 5% is 235 subjects. A design effect (Bland 2005) of 3.09 and 3.35 for an estimated intra-class correlation of 0.045 and 0.051, based on a past study (Wan Hassan et al 2017a), and equal cluster per school (n=47) would require a total of 727 to 788 subjects. In this study, to account for a possible wider variance of the PIDA due to varied geographical locations, a larger design effect of 4 was chosen, giving a sample size of 940.…”

Translation and validation of the Swedish version of the Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ) for adolescents

“…We named the two dimensions 'Dental Aesthetic Self-Confidence' (12 items, Q1-7, 18, and 20-23) and 'Psychosocial Impact' (11 items, Q 8-17 and 19). The original PIDAQ version consisted of four dimensions [11], just as the majority of the other translations [12,14,[19][20][21][22]24]. However, several other translations also have shown a different factor structure than the original PIDAQ version.…”

“…PIDAQ has been translated into several languages and validated for use on adult populations [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. The original adult version of PIDAQ has also been translated and validated on children and adolescents [22][23][24][25][26].…”

Impacts of Self Perceived Malocclusion on the Oral Health Related Quality of Life of Young Adults

“…Of these, the Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics (PIDA) questionnaire [ 11 ] has been translated and cross-culturally adapted into several languages. Currently, it is the only malocclusion-specific self-reported instrument that has been validated for use by Malaysians [ 12 , 13 ]. The use of this instrument is significant in assessing the impact of perceived malocclusion on the psychosocial well-being of individuals, which can in turn translate into motivation for seeking orthodontic treatment [ 13 ].…”