Validation of earthworm toxicity tests by comparison with field studies: A review of benomyl, carbendazim, carbofuran, and carbaryl

Gestel, Cornelis A.M. van

doi:10.1016/0147-6513(92)90060-g

Cited by 69 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…These results therefore suggest that standardized laboratory tests provide a reasonable prediction of the effect in the field. However, according to Van Gestel [55], results of field studies on the earthworm toxicity of pesticides are in agreement with those of laboratory studies when a homogeneous distribution of the pesticide dosage over the top 2.5-cm soil layer is chosen as a starting point. In field situations, earthworm exposure is strongly dependent on the degree of deposition of pesticides on the soil surface, on the behavior of the pesticide in the soil, and on the vertical distribution of earthworms in the soil.…”

Section: Confounding Variablessupporting

confidence: 68%

“…Cocoon production was found to be the most sensitive parameter for paraquat, fentin, benomyl, phenmedipham, carbaryl, copper oxychloride, dieldrin [36,[55][56][57], while cocoon hatchability was most sensitive for pentachlorophenol, parathion and carbendazim, copper oxychloride [36,55,56]. Bustos-Obregón and Goicochea [3] explored the effect of exposure to commercial parathion on the reproductive parameters such as sperm and cocoon production and genotoxicity on male germ cells of Eisenia fetida and reported that alterations in reproductive parameters were conspicuous in regard to the number of sperm, cocoons, and worms born.…”

Section: Effects On Reproductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although, the highest tier is most important for an ecotoxicological risk assessment, it is rarely performed due to its high complexity, costs and time needed [71]. De Silva [68] also indicates that linking of laboratory data to field may be possible and successful, but more research is required (especially w.r.t tropical conditions) on this aspect to state conclusively [15,55,69,72,73].…”

Section: Confounding Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Pesticides on the Growth and Reproduction of Earthworm: A Review

Yasmin

D’Souza

2010

Applied and Environmental Soil Science

129

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Scientific literature addressing the influence of pesticides on the growth and reproduction of earthworm is reviewed. Earthworms are considered as important bioindicators of chemical toxicity in the soil ecosystem. Studies on this aspect are important because earthworms are the common prey of many terrestrial vertebrate species such as birds and small mammals, and thus they play a key role in the biomagnification process of several soil pollutants. Majority of the studies have used mortality as an endpoint rather than subtler endpoints such as reproductive output. It is now emphasized that, whereas higher concentrations of a pollutant can easily be assessed with the acute (mortality) test, contaminated soils with lower (sublethal) pollutant concentrations require more sensitive test methods such as reproduction test in their risk assessment.

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Section: Confounding Variablessupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Effects On Reproductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Confounding Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Pesticides on the Growth and Reproduction of Earthworm: A Review

Yasmin

D’Souza

2010

Applied and Environmental Soil Science

129

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“…Studies are often conducted on the same set of species, so that it remains difficult to predict effect of pesticides on whole communities of earthworms, encompassing epigeic, endogeic and anecic earthworms. The ecological group to which a species belongs partly determines its living and behaviour that affect the exposure of the earthworms to contaminants (Tomlin 1992;van Gestel 1992a). Culy and Berry (1995) explain that earthworms which feed at the soil surface are more affected by insecticide granules than those feeding in deeper soil layers.…”

Section: Biological Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, Heimbach (1984) as well as Neuhauser et al (1986) found that contact filter paper tests provide results which are different from those obtained with soil tests. Böstrom and Lofs-Holmin (1982) explained that '[…] the number of methods used until now equals the number of papers presented on the subject '. van Gestel (1992b) suggested that organic matter influences the bioavailability and thus the toxicity of pesticides to earthworms.…”

Section: Physico-chemical Conditions and Duration Of Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Pesticides and earthworms. A review

Pelosi¹,

Barot

Capowiez

et al. 2013

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

282

166

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Earthworms provide key soil functions that favour many positive ecosystem services. These services are important for agroecosystem sustainability but can be degraded by intensive cultural practices such as use of pesticides. Many literature reports have investigated the effect of pesticides on earthworms. Here, we review those reports to assess the relevance of the indicators of earthworm response to pesticides, to assess their sensitivity to pesticides, and to highlight the remaining knowledge gaps. We focus on European earthworm species and products authorised in Europe, excluding natural compounds and metals. We consider different organisation levels: the infra-individual level (gene expression and physiology), the individual and population levels (life-history traits, population density and behaviour) and the community level: community biomass and density. Our analysis shows that earthworms are impacted by pesticides at all organisation levels. For example, pesticides disrupt enzymatic activities, increase individual mortality, decrease fecundity and growth, change individual behaviour such as feeding rate and decrease the overall community biomass and density.Insecticides and fungicides are the most toxic pesticides impacting survival and reproduction, respectively.

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The importance of the exposure route when testing the toxicity of pesticides to saprotrophic isopods

Vink

Tompot

Hermans

et al. 1995

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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When effects of pesticides are tested on nontarget invertebrates, substrate exposure is mostly used. Routes of uptake of pesticides by saprotrophic invertebrates may, however, also occur through the food, since the litter layer will be their main food source. These organisms live in close contact with the soil surface and litter layer. The ecotoxicity of the pesticides benomyl, carbofuran, and diazinon was investigated in a series of experiments. The toxicity was tested in lethal concentrations (leading to LC50 estimations), and sublethal concentrations leading to no‐observed‐effect concentration (NOEC) estimations on growth. Both substrate and dietary exposure were used to evaluate the most critical exposure route for each case. For food exposure, the chemicals were offered in ground leaves, while for substrate exposure the test organisms were kept on treated sand. Experiments were done with the tropical isopod Porcellionides pruinosus. For all three pesticides, substrate exposure was more critical than dietary exposure. The LC50 values (active ingredient per dry mass of food or soil) for benomyl, carbofuran, and diazinon, when mixed with food, were >31,000, 485, and 74.15 μg/g, respectively, and when mixed with sand 1,221, 21.41, and 3.03 μg/g, respectively. Sublethal effects on body growth were found for benomyl (NOEC = 1,000 μg/g) and diazinon (NOEC = <8.71 μg/g) after dietary exposure, but no effects were found in the course of the experiment for substrate exposure. Based on the results, it is concluded that the exposure route is of great importance for determining lethal effects as well as sublethal effects of pesticides on nontarget invertebrates in soil. The most critical exposure route depends both on the mode of action of the chemical and on the toxicological end point considered.

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Validation of earthworm toxicity tests by comparison with field studies: A review of benomyl, carbendazim, carbofuran, and carbaryl

Cited by 69 publications

References 42 publications

Effects of Pesticides on the Growth and Reproduction of Earthworm: A Review

Effects of Pesticides on the Growth and Reproduction of Earthworm: A Review

Pesticides and earthworms. A review

The importance of the exposure route when testing the toxicity of pesticides to saprotrophic isopods

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