Validation of growth enhancing, immunostimulatory and disease resistance properties of Achyranthes aspera in Labeo rohita fry in pond conditions

Abstract

The immunostimulatory and disease resistance properties of herb Achyranthes aspera L. (Amaranthaceae) were evaluated in rohu Labeo rohita in pond. Rohu fry (1.9 ± 0.08 g) were cultured in hapas (25 hapa −1 ) set inside a pond and were fed with two experimental diets containing 0.5% seeds (D1) and leaves (D2) of A. aspera and control diet (D3). Fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila after 80 days. The cumulative mortality rate of fish was significantly ( P < 0.05) higher in D3 (28–48%) compared to others. Average weight was significantly ( P < 0.05) higher in D1 (6.5–12.5%) compared to other treatments. Myeloperoxidase and nitric oxide synthase levels were significantly ( P < 0.05) higher in D1 and D2 compared to D3. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and carbonyl protein levels were significantly ( P < 0.05) lower in hepatopancreas and kidney of D1 compared to others. In hepatopancreas, the expressions of lysozyme C, loysozyme G, TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-1β were significantly ( P < 0.05) higher in D1 compared to others. This treatment was followed by D2. In kidney, lysozyme G and TNF-α levels were significantly ( P < 0.05) higher in D1 and D2 compared to D3. Whereas, IL-10 and IL-1β were significantly ( P < 0.05) down-regulated and up-regulated, respectively in kidney of D2. There was up-regulation ( P < 0.05) of TLR-4 in hepatopancreas and kidney of D1 and D2 diets fed rohu, respectively compared to others.

Heavy metal pollution and risk assessment by the battery of toxicity tests

“…A significant higher level of NOS (+ 420%) was also observed in exposed O. niloticus than reference group (Table 3). NOS catalyzes the generation of cellular signaling molecule nitric oxide that participate crucially in defense mechanism of fish 12,37 . Thus, the elevated levels of respiratory burst activity and NOS indicated the infection or injury of O. niloticus.…”

“…Nitroblue tetrazolium dye was reduced to formazan during respiratory burst 12,36 . NOS activity was determined as per the method described by Kumar et al 12 and Chakrabarti et al 36 with some modifications. Tissue homogenate was prepared in phosphate buffer and then centrifuged at 1000×g for 10 min.…”

“…Respiratory burst assay is as an indicator of the innate immune system which releases cytokines and inflammatory response in fish. During respiratory burst process, the phagocytes and leukocytes of pathogens increase their oxygen consumption with the help of NADPH oxidase enzymes and generate various reactive oxygen specie such as singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ), superoxide anion radical (O 2 ), hydroxyl radical (OH − ), and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) to be used as a defense mechanism against toxic agents 10,12 . In addition, the nitric oxide synthase (NOS), the total leukocyte count (TLC), the differential leukocyte count (DLC), and the globulin concentrations are also served as good immunological index 12 .…”

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals and their toxicity assessment in Mystus species

“…The injury caused due to heavy metals could also have a toll on the albumin and globulin levels consequently altering their ratio. Nevertheless, fishes counter the adverse effect caused by heavy metals by the use of innate immunity that forms the basic defense system ( Kumar et al, 2019 ). Leucocytes are the key player of the immune system which are estimated through total leukocyte (TLC) and differential leukocyte count (DLC).…”

“…Leucocytes are the key player of the immune system which are estimated through total leukocyte (TLC) and differential leukocyte count (DLC). In addition, respiratory burst activity and nitric oxide synthase are also employed as a good immunological indexes in fish ( Chakrabarti et al, 2014 , Kumar et al, 2019 ). Among various techniques developed for the determination of genotoxic damage micronuclei test is an easy, sensitive, and reliable tool ( Bolognesi and Hayashi, 2011 , Ahmad and Ahmad, 2016 , Javed and Usmani, 2019 ).…”