Validation of Reported Whole-Grain Intake from a Web-Based Dietary Record against Plasma Alkylresorcinol Concentrations in 8- to 11-Year-Olds Participating in a Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract

Self-reported WG wheat + rye intake among children showed moderate correlations with plasma AR concentrations. Substantial intraindividual variation was found in WG intake and plasma AR concentrations. The AR homolog C17:0 may be used as a biomarker for WG intake when the WG intake primarily comes from rye as in the present study. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01457794.

Biomarkers of Whole-Grain and Cereal-Fiber Intake in Human Studies: A Systematic Review of the Available Evidence and Perspectives

“…The health status of these participants was reported in 32 studies; seven of these included 914 free-living subjects ( Table 1). Seventeen studies evaluated alkylresorcinols (AR) as a biomarker for WG intake in plasma (P-AR) [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50], one study in erythrocyte membranes [51], and three studies in adipose tissue [43,47,50]. AR metabolites were evaluated in urine in 12 studies [32][33][34]39,42,[52][53][54][55][56][57][58], and in plasma in five studies [52,56,[59][60][61]; one study evaluated plasma benzoxazinoid compounds (N-(2-hydroxyphenyl) acetamide (HPAA) and hydroxy-N-(2-hydroxyphenyl) acetamide (HHPAA sulfate)) as biomarkers of whole-grain rye intake (WGR) [62]; one study evaluated urinary avenacosides as a biomarker for oat intake [63].…”

“…This review included nine cross-over [36][37][38][39][40]42,44,64,65] and five parallel randomized controlled studies [41,43,45,62,66], three case-control studies [46,56,60], 16 cohort studies [32][33][34][35]47,51,52,54,55,[57][58][59]61,63,67,68], and six cross-sectional studies [48][49][50]53,69,70]. Fourteen studies were conducted in Sweden [32,33,35,38,39,44,47,50,55,57,60,65,<...>…”

“…Table S2 (Supplementary Materials) shows the quality assessment and the assessment of the risk of bias of the included studies. Of 39 studies, 32 studies reported their inclusion and exclusion criteria [32][33][34][35][36][37][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47]49,[52][53][54][55][56][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67]69,70], whereas 27 studies reported the health status of the included subjects [34][35][36][37][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46]49,52,53,56,[58]…”

“…Only one study reported the blinding of the assessors [65], and nine studies reported that the used questionnaires was validated specifically for the study [32-34, 45,46,52,57,59,69]. Twenty-three studies reported a recall period for the used questionnaire of less than 10 days [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][41][42][43][44][45]49,52,55,56,59,60,[64][65][66]70], and 19 studies used the questionnaire data to assess a period over one week [36][37][38]40,41,[43][44][45][47][48][49][50][51]53,54,[64][65][66]69]. Nineteen of 27 studies assessing biomarkers in plasma used fasting samples [34,[36][37][38]<...>…”

Analysis of energy metabolism in humans: A review of methodologies

“…Blood or tissue lipids are able to reflect dietary fat subtype intake [108], and a combination of selected fatty acid in tissue specimens has been shown to differentiate total fat consumption [109]. Biomarkers for carbohydrates are less common, but there are recent reports of using plasma alkylresorcinol and urinary sucrose and fructose as biomarkers for wholegrain [110] and sugar [111] consumption respectively. Stable isotope ratios have also been proposed as novel biomarkers for food intake as the stable isotope ratios of light elements (e.g.…”