Validation of the VRN-H2/VRN-H1 epistatic model in barley reveals that intron length variation in VRN-H1 may account for a continuum of vernalization sensitivity

Szűcs, Péter; Skinner, Jeffrey S.; Karsaï, I.; Cuesta‐Marcos, Alfonso; Haggard, Kale G.; Corey, Ann; Chen, Chien-Jen; Hayes, Patrick

doi:10.1007/s00438-006-0195-8

Cited by 118 publications

(139 citation statements)

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“…Sequences in the first intron might also regulate processing of the VRN1 transcript 15 . Several active alleles of VRN1 with deletions or insertions in the first intron have been identified in barley [16][17][18][19] . These reduce the vernalization requirement to different extents and have been used to breed varieties that flower without vernalization, which are grown where winters are warm or where crops are sown in spring 19,20 .…”

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Direct links between the vernalization response and other key traits of cereal crops

et al. 2015

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Transcription of the VERNALIZATION1 gene (VRN1) is induced by prolonged cold (vernalization) to trigger flowering of cereal crops, such as wheat and barley. VRN1 encodes a MADS box transcription factor that promotes flowering by regulating the expression of other genes. Here we use transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) to identify direct targets of VRN1. Over 500 genomic regions were identified as potential VRN1-binding targets by ChIP-seq. VRN1 binds the promoter of FLOWERING LOCUS T-like 1, a promoter of flowering in vernalized plants. VRN1 also targets VERNALIZATION2 and ODDSOC2, repressors of flowering that are downregulated in vernalized plants. RNA-seq identified additional VRN1 targets that might play roles in triggering flowering. Other targets of VRN1 include genes that play central roles in low-temperature-induced freezing tolerance, spike architecture and hormone metabolism. This provides evidence for direct regulatory links between the vernalization response pathway and other important traits in cereal crops.

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Direct links between the vernalization response and other key traits of cereal crops

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“…Furthermore, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for vernalization in more distantly related pooid grasses, hexaploid oat, and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne, Poaceae), map to positions nearly syntenous to the VRN1 gene of other cereals (Holland et al, 1997(Holland et al, , 2002Dubcovsky et al, 1998;Jensen et al, 2005;Andersen et al, 2006). In wheat and barley, VRN1 (also known as WAP1 and BM5, respectively) corresponds to one of three APETALA1/FRUITFULL (AP1/FUL)-like MADSbox genes (Schmitz et al, 2000;Yan et al, 2003;Szü cs et al, 2006b). Thus, it is nonhomologous to the B3-containing VRN1 gene of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana; Levy et al, 2002).…”

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“…However, for simplicity, we will refer to these genes as VRN1 hereafter. VRN2 is encoded by a zinc-finger-CCT domain transcription factor (ZCCT1; Yan et al, 2004b;Dubcovsky et al, 2005;Karsai et al, 2005;Szü cs et al, 2006b).…”

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“…In contrast, transcription of VRN1 in spring and facultative growth habits are independent of vernalization, either being constitutively expressed at high levels (Danyluk et al, 2003;Yan et al, 2003) or being upregulated in an age-dependent manner (Trevaskis et al, 2003(Trevaskis et al, , 2006von Zitzewitz et al, 2005). Allelic variation in the promoter region or first intron of wheat and barley VRN1 genes has been correlated with differences in cold response (Yan et al, 2003(Yan et al, , 2004aFu et al, 2005;von Zitzewitz et al, 2005;Szü cs et al, 2006b). In diploid wheat, differences in cold response correlate with mutations in the promoter region in a CArG-like motif, which may be a target for binding of MADS-box genes (Yan et al, 2003).…”

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“…In diploid wheat, differences in cold response correlate with mutations in the promoter region in a CArG-like motif, which may be a target for binding of MADS-box genes (Yan et al, 2003). Alternatively, in spring wheat and barley accessions with intact CArG motifs, loss of repression of VRN1 is often associated with large deletions within a highly conserved stretch of the first intron, referred to as the vernalization critical region (Fu et al, 2005;von Zitzewitz et al, 2005;Szü cs et al, 2006b).…”

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Discrete Developmental Roles for Temperate Cereal GrassVERNALIZATION1/FRUITFULL-Like Genes in Flowering Competency and the Transition to Flowering

Preston

Kellogg

2007

Plant Physiology

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Members of the grass subfamily Pooideae are characterized by their adaptation to cool temperate climates. Vernalization is the process whereby flowering is accelerated in response to a prolonged period of cold. Winter cereals are tolerant of low temperatures and flower earlier with vernalization, whereas spring cultivars are intolerant of low temperatures and flower later with vernalization. In the pooid grasses wheat (Triticum monococcum, Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), vernalization responsiveness is determined by allelic variation at the VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1) and/or VRN2 loci. To determine whether VRN1, and its paralog FRUITFULL2 (FUL2), are involved in vernalization requirement across Pooideae, we determined expression profiles for multiple cultivars of oat (Avena sativa) and wheat with and without cold treatment. Our results demonstrate significant up-regulation of VRN1 expression in leaves of winter oat and wheat in response to vernalization; no treatment effect was found for spring or facultative growth habit oat and wheat. Similar cold-dependent patterns of leaf expression were found for FUL2 in winter oat, but not winter wheat, suggesting a redundant qualitative role for these genes in the quantitative induction of flowering competency of oat. These and other data support the hypothesis that VRN1 is a common regulator of vernalization responsiveness within the crown pooids. Finally, we found that up-regulation of VRN1 in vegetative meristems of oat was significantly later than in leaves. This suggests distinct and conserved roles for temperate cereal grass VRN1/FUL-like genes, first, in systemic signaling to induce flowering competency, and second, in meristems to activate genes involved in the floral transition.

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Application of Molecular Genetics and Transformation to Barley Improvement

Thomas¹,

Hayes

Dahleen³

2010

Barley

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Validation of the VRN-H2/VRN-H1 epistatic model in barley reveals that intron length variation in VRN-H1 may account for a continuum of vernalization sensitivity

Cited by 118 publications

References 40 publications

Direct links between the vernalization response and other key traits of cereal crops

Direct links between the vernalization response and other key traits of cereal crops

Discrete Developmental Roles for Temperate Cereal GrassVERNALIZATION1/FRUITFULL-Like Genes in Flowering Competency and the Transition to Flowering

Application of Molecular Genetics and Transformation to Barley Improvement

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