Valuation of Ecosystem Services for the Sustainable Development of Hani Terraces: A Rice–Fish–Duck Integrated Farming Model

Abstract

As a complementary and symbiotic agro-ecological cycle system, a nature-based integrated rice–fish–duck farming ecosystem was developed in the Honghe Hani Rice Terraces. The main research objective was to evaluate the ecosystem services based on case studies of the Hani integrated rice–fish–duck terraced farming system and determine its potential and its importance as an ecological asset. We developed a valuation model to assess the value of the integrated farming system based on the three aspects of provisioning, regulation and maintenance, and cultural services; we selected eight groups and 10 indictors to evaluate the ecosystem services of the integrated ecosystem in Honghe Hani Rice Terraces was 3.316 billion CNY, of which the provisioning service value was 1.76 billion CNY, the regulation and maintenance service value was 1.32 billion CNY, and the cultural services value was 230.85 million CNY. The evaluation will be useful as a theoretical reference for poverty alleviation policy makers in similar poverty-stricken areas, enabling them to better protect and promote this mode of farming and further promote the protection of the natural environment and cultural heritage alongside the sustainable development of natural resources and human well-being.

Mountainous Areas: Alleviating the Shortage of Cultivated Land Caused by Changing Dietary Structure in China

“…Data on understory farming models in the mountains of Yichun City were obtained from official government websites, government reports, and available literature [54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65]. Research data on the rice-fish-duck integrated farming model in the Hani terraces were based on existing literature [42,[66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75].…”

“…In this model, the terraces were changed to growing only rice, and the yields of rice, fish, and ducks were outstanding. The average yield of red rice was 5370 kg/hm 2 ; the average yield of fish (carp) products was 750 kg/hm 2 , with 150 male and 225 female ducks per hectare; and the duck egg production was 21,600 eggs/hm 2 [71]. In addition, the rice-fish-duck integrated farming model not only provides a variety of high-quality products to improve farmers' living conditions but also contributes to local ecological conservation.…”

Analysis of the impact of traditional ethnic villages in Hani area on sustainable development

“…For example, new rice varieties have been developed on the basis of traditional rice varieties. Various activities related to rice planting, such as planting on rice ridges and raising fish/ducks in rice fields, can also increase yield and enhance the stability of agricultural ecosystems [8,58,59].…”

Recent advances in the utilization of insects as an ingredient in aquafeeds: A review

“…Incorporation of maggot meal in diets of Nile tilapia ( O. niloticus ) at levels ranging from 110 g/kg to 430 g/kg (25% to 100% fishmeal replacement) significantly increased hardness and reduced thaw loss in comparison to the control ( Wang et al., 2017 ). Incorporation of TM in diets of yellow croaker ( Larimichthys crocea ) led to increased muscle hardness and significantly lower shear force in fillets in which fishmeal was replaced at 426.2 to 568.3 g/kg (75% to 100% fishmeal replacement) ( Yuan et al, 2022 ). Fillet composition was not affected by the inclusion of BSF ( H. illucens ) pre-pupae larvae meal at 65 to 195 g/kg (15% to 45% fishmeal replacement) in diets for European seabass ( D. labrax ) ( Moutinho et al, 2021 ).…”