Valuation of Plant Variety Protection Certificates

Lesser, William H.

doi:10.2307/1349465

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…First, plant variety certificates in industrialized countries have relatively low or negligible value. Lesser (1994) determined that the price premium associated with soybean certified seed was only 2.3 percent in New York State and concluded that this form of protection is too weak to be an incentive to breeders. Second, modern breeding programs are increasingly dependent on the use of "elite" breeding lines that are several generations removed from farmers' varieties and show increasingly complex pedigrees involving crop genetic resources from many sources .…”

Section: The International Treaty For Plant Genetic Resources For Foomentioning

confidence: 99%

Farmers’ Rights and Protection of Traditional Agricultural Knowledge

Brush

2007

World Development

111

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Section: The International Treaty For Plant Genetic Resources For Foomentioning

confidence: 99%

Farmers’ Rights and Protection of Traditional Agricultural Knowledge

Brush

2007

World Development

111

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Lesser (1994), with a hedonic analysis of 1992 soybean seed prices, finds that PVPCs are associated with a 2.3% increase in value. In wheat, PVPCs do not appear to allow firms to exercise significant market power (Alston and Venner 2002).…”

Section: Effectiveness Of Pbrsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intellectual Property Rights and the Ascent of Proprietary Innovation in Agriculture

Clancy¹,

Moschini

2017

Annu. Rev. Resour. Econ.

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Biological innovations in agriculture did not enjoy protection by formal intellectual property rights (IPRs) for a long time, but the recent trend has been one of considerable broadening and strengthening of these rights. We document the nature of these IPRs and their evolution, and provide an assessment of their impacts on innovation. We integrate elements of the institutional history of plant IPRs with a discussion of the relevant economic theory and a review of applicable empirical evidence. Throughout, we highlight how the experience of biological innovation mirrors, or differs from, the broader literature on IPRs and innovation. We conclude with some considerations on the relation between IPRs and market structure and the pricing of proprietary inputs in agriculture.

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“…Several studies of the use of crop germplasm (e.g., Marshall, 1989;Peeters & Galwey, 1988) suggest that current supplies in international and open collections exceed demand. The apparently low returns from plant variety protection in the United States are additional evidence of weak market potential for genetic resources (Lesser, 1994b). Adding contract costs to collection of new germplasm is almost certain to restrict demand even further, or to encourage users to make better use of other sources of germplasm.…”

Section: Market Failure In Valuing Genetic Resourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Valuing Crop Genetic Resources

Brush¹

1996

The Journal of Environment & Development

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Although crop genetic resources have been recognized as valuable, there has been little progress in specifying a financial value. Crop genetic resources are made up of two primary components, crop gene pools and agro-ecosystems, with six different subcomponents within these. Markets for determining value of crop genetic resources are generally nonexistent or inadequate, a situation that is compounded by their historic status as public goods. Both providers of crop genetic resources and conservation underwriters now look for more exact appraisals of the value, largely in response to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Various methods of assessing value are reviewed. Prospective equity for conservation should replace equity for previous transfers. Market approaches using intellectual property and contracting are unsuitable for crop genetic resources, but nonmarket methods are available. Different approaches are required for different types of crop genetic resources and for estimates of their private value to farmers and their social value.Despite warnings about the folly of pricing biological diversity (Ehrenfeld, 1988), conservationists have been drawn into the predicament of finding monetary value for biological diversity, and conservators of crop genetic resources are bound to follow the same course. The search for value is driven by notions of profit (&dquo;how much can we charge?&dquo;) and by budgeting for research and conservation (&dquo;how much must we spend?&dquo;), but it also relates to understanding the behavior of farmers and other stewards of biological resources. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (United Nations, 1992) reinforces the belief that biological resources can generate income for the people and governments who control them. Increased competition for scarce public resources to meet the costs of conservation drives the search for value as much as commercial prospects. These signs are manifest in many ways and places, from farmers' fields to international organizations.A conspicuous obstacle to valuation and compensation is the longstanding principle of common heritage that treats genetic resources as public goods and not commodities. The common heritage principle is historically derived from plant exploration by naturalists and holds that genetic resources are equivalent to basic theory and other scientific

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Valuation of Plant Variety Protection Certificates

Abstract: handicap. The Unlv8r8lty Is committed to-the maintenance of affirmative 'l!lCt1on .progr8ma' which will MIura,Iht cohtln\fation of euch equality of opportunity•.

Cited by 14 publications

References 2 publications

Farmers’ Rights and Protection of Traditional Agricultural Knowledge

Farmers’ Rights and Protection of Traditional Agricultural Knowledge

Intellectual Property Rights and the Ascent of Proprietary Innovation in Agriculture

Valuing Crop Genetic Resources

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