“…Scholars have noted that middle grades' students show more concerning behaviors and attitudes toward writing than their elementary or high school counterparts (Graham & Perin, 2007). In the middle grades, students' motivation to write fluctuates, often as a response to the school curriculum, standardized testing requirements, value-added legislation, and the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) (see Amrein-Beardsley, Collins, Polasky, & Sloat, 2013;Wright, Hodges, & Dismuke, 2017).…”