“…Instead, existing e-service ViU research streams are dedicated to the examination of ViU antecedents (e.g., Bruns & Jacob, 2016;Chen & Dubinsky, 2003;Kleijnen et al, 2007), e-service design (e.g., Blaschke et al, 2019;Schmidt-Rauch & Schwabe, 2014;Sousa et al, 2008), customer participation (e.g., Heinonen, 2006bHeinonen, , 2009Heinonen & Strandvik, 2009) and e-service ecosystems (e.g., Beverungen et al, 2017;Grieger & Ludwig, 2019;Hein et al, 2019Hein et al, , 2020, and from these streams, several ViU conceptualizations have emerged. In accordance with the e-service literature's longstanding focus on service quality, e-service ViU is commonly based on a benefit/sacrifice understanding (e.g., Cho & Menor, 2010;Heinonen, 2004Heinonen, , 2006a, which contrasts with Macdonald et al's (2016) goal-oriented ViU perspective.…”