Value of alternative sample matrices in residue analysis for stanozolol

Multi residue screening of intact testosterone esters and boldenone undecylenate in bovine hair using liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry

“…Betaagonists, such as clenbuterol disappear in urine within a few days following administration but might be detected in hair for more than 2 months [6]. Basic anabolic steroids, such as stanozolol are incorporated in hair as well [7,8]. Gleixner and Meyer [9] determined the natural steroid hormones estradiol and testosterone in hair of cattle by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and specific enzyme immuno assays (EIA).…”

Hair analysis for veterinary drug monitoring in livestock production

“…The authors stated that the formation of clenbuterol methylboronate derivatives increased the sensibility and the quality of the chromatograms [21]. More recently, high mass and relatively polar molecules, including some anabolics, corticosteroids and benzodiazepines, have been successfully detected in hair extracts by the use of LC-MS techniques [33,42,43,46,48,53,62]. Several methods for the detection of clenbuterol and diazepam in hair extracts use atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) in positive mode [46,53].…”

“…Electrospray ionisation (ESI) has been the most extensively used LC-interface, either in positive (stanozolol and some steroids) or negative mode (corticosteroids) [33,42,43,47,48,62].…”

“…The possibility to use selective acquisition modes, as single ion monitoring or recording (SIM or SIR) [16,22,39,46,55], multiple ion chromatogram (MIC) [21] or multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) [42,47,48,62] has been generally applied to reduce matrix interferences and to reach the required sensitivity.…”

“…The presence of anabolic agents such as ␤-agonist and steroidal compounds in hair has been extensively studied in farm animals [15,21,38,39,45,47,48,53,55,61,62].…”