Valuing Air Quality Using Happiness Data: The Case of China

Zhang, Xin; Zhang, Xiaobo; Chen, Xi

doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.02.020

Cited by 116 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…12 Face-to-face interviews were conducted in Chongqing, and 480 of 500 (96%) respondents expressed that they were willing to pay for estimating the economic value of saving one statistical life through improving air quality. 13 People, on average, were willing to pay 258 CNY/year/person (approximately 1.8% of annual household/capita income) for a 1% reduction 14 in particulate matter (PM 2.5 μm) on a happiness-based measure of WTP for mitigating air pollution. The health of children can be an incentive for parental participation in and support for air quality improvements.…”

Section: Whether and How Much The Chinese Are Willing To Pay For Hementioning

confidence: 99%

Status of public–private partnership recognition and willingness to pay for private health care in China

Yongfei

Zhang

2019

Health Planning & Management

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Summary Objectives The Chinese government has been increasingly engaging and interacting with the private sectors to initiate public–private partnerships (PPPs) to enhance the capacity of the health care system. Thus, the availability of private health services and copays are increasing. However, Chinese residents appear to be more accustomed to public health care because it has long been the dominant health service provider in China. Therefore, learning how the Chinese recognize PPPs, whether they would like to use private health services and how much they are willing to pay out of pocket are important for policymakers. Methods A bibliographical search was performed through PubMed in Medline, the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure and key government websites using a combination of keywords from seminal papers on PPPs and then sequentially added “willingness to pay (WTP), health, and private.” The papers selected were closely related to PPPs and WTP for health care in China, and then, over 100 peer‐reviewed literature, opinion, or commentary papers and postgraduate theses on the particular topics were carefully reviewed. Results Out of 139 papers closely related to WTP for private health care, 37 were extensively reviewed and substantially analyzed. The results corroborate that Chinese residents are generally willing to pay for high‐risk disease screening, improved therapies, and health insurance, although the WTP intentions and the amounts they are willing to pay are different among distinct populations for the various types of health services. The results also present conditions that the responders are not explicitly willing to pay for or are willing to pay additional fees for their health promotion. Education level, family per capita income, self‐reported health status, and dwelling districts (such as urban or rural residents) are the main factors that affect cost‐sharing intention. Conclusions PPPs are increasingly recognized as an effective means to mobilize resources in the private sector to relieve the pressure/burden placed on the public system during medical reform in China. Responders in China are generally willing to pay reasonable fees out of pocket for primary health care services or for improved therapies; however, cost‐sharing intentions are affected by multiple factors. Health‐related policymakers should learn the general health concerns/demands of the residents and their WTP status to perfect the design of PPPs for the benefit of the majority population in China.

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Section: Whether and How Much The Chinese Are Willing To Pay For Hementioning

confidence: 99%

Status of public–private partnership recognition and willingness to pay for private health care in China

Yongfei

Zhang

2019

Health Planning & Management

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“…Research conducted by Zhang et al [ 16 ] showed that, based on the data of the commodity housing market of 288 cities in China, with an annual average concentration of PM 10 decreasing by 1 μg/m 3 , the residents were willing to pay 35.91 yuan more per square meter for housing, which is equal to 0.9% of the average commodity housing price in the same period. Zhang et al [ 17 ] calculated that people on the average were willing to pay ¥258 per year per person for a 1% reduction in PM 2.5 . Ligus [ 18 ] attempted to estimate how much Polish citizens would be willing to pay for clean air by applying the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of Haze on Housing Prices: An Empirical Analysis Based on Data from Chengdu (China)

Liu

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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Based on cross-section data of 20 districts in Chengdu, this article reviews the relationships between haze and housing prices with the combined application of Spatial Error Model (SEM) and Spatial Lag Model (SLM). The results illustrate that haze significantly have negative impacts on both the selling and rental prices of houses. Controlling other variables, if the air quality index rises by 0.1, the housing selling prices and rental prices will drop by 3.97% and 4.01%, respectively. Interestingly, housing rental prices have a more significant response to the air quality than housing sale prices. Residents are willing to pay a premium for better air quality and the influence of air quality is partially reflected in housing prices, which indicates that better air quality has been becoming a scarce resource with the improvement of people’s living standard. Furthermore, the impacts of haze on housing prices are also expected to lead to a “crowding out effect” in different regions. This would be detrimental for human capital accumulation and will accelerate the regional divergence in the internal economy and population structure, thus forming a region “fence” within cities.

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“…Quantitative analysis of pollutant emissions is fundamental for research on regional atmospheric compound pollution [ 6 , 7 ]. As a key pollutant in fog and haze [ 8 ], plenty of literature has investigated the spatial distribution [ 9 ], material composition [ 10 , 11 ], sources, and driving factors of PM 2.5 [ 12 , 13 ]. However, as a pollutant that has an important impact on regional air pollution, NOx is a gas that is not only toxic and harmful, but also has a complex series of effects on the chemical reaction of the troposphere.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Spatial-Temporal Characteristics and Influential Factors of NOx Emissions in China: A Spatial Econometric Analysis

Diao

Ding

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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While the progress of China’s industrialization and urbanization has made great strides, atmospheric pollution has become the norm, with a wide range of influence and difficult governance. While many previous works on NOx pollution have been developed from the perspectives of natural science and technology, few studies have been conducted from social-economic points of view, and regional differences have not been given adequate attention in driving force models. This paper adopts China’s provincial panel data from 2006 to 2015, an extended STIRPAT (Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology) model, and spatial econometric models to investigate the socio-economic influential factors and spatial-temporal patterns of NOx emissions. According to the spatial correlation analysis results, the provincial NOx emission changes not only affected the provinces themselves, but also neighboring regions. Spatial econometric analysis shows that the spatial effect largely contributes to NOx emissions. The other explanatory variables all have positive impacts on NOx emissions, except for the vehicular indicator (which did not pass the significance test). As shown through the estimated consequences of direct and indirect effects, the indicators have significant positive effects on their own areas, and exacerbate NOx pollution. In terms of indirect effects, only three factors passed the significant test. An increase in gross domestic product (GDP) and energy consumption will exacerbate adjacent NOx pollution. Finally, a series of socio-economic measures and regional cooperation policies should be applied to improve the current air environment in China.

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Valuing Air Quality Using Happiness Data: The Case of China

Cited by 116 publications

References 49 publications

Status of public–private partnership recognition and willingness to pay for private health care in China

Status of public–private partnership recognition and willingness to pay for private health care in China

Impacts of Haze on Housing Prices: An Empirical Analysis Based on Data from Chengdu (China)

The Spatial-Temporal Characteristics and Influential Factors of NOx Emissions in China: A Spatial Econometric Analysis

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