“…Subjective inference about disease risk is often based on sparse information from direct observation, indirect covariates, and broader belief contexts, and plays an important role in the perceived marginal value of risk-reducing management practices (Tversky and Kahneman, 1973; Johnson et al , 1993; Mittal and Ross, 1998; McNamara et al , 2006; Clark, 2013; Cole et al , 2013). Although the role of perceptions in avoidance behavior has been well documented in economics (Courant and Porter, 1981; Crocker et al , 1991; Dickie and Gerking, 1996; Ahamad, 2016), the evidence of the impact of disease risk perceptions on disease mitigation and control strategies such as vaccination and antimicrobial use is scant.…”