Vanadium MXenes materials for next-generation energy storage devices

Abstract

Batteries and supercapacitors have emerged as promising candidates for next-generation energy storage technologies. The rapid development of new two-dimensional (2D) electrode materials indicates a new era in energy storage devices. MXenes are a new type of layered 2D transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides that have drawn much attention because of their excellent electrical conductivity, electrochemical and hydrophilicity properties, large surface area, and attractive topological structure. This review focuses on various synthesis methods to prepare vanadium carbide MXenes with and without etchants like hydrofluoric acid, lithium fluoride, and hydrochloric acid to remove the ‘A’ layers of the MAX phase. The goal is to demonstrate the utilization of a less toxic etching method to achieve MXenes of comparable properties to those prepared by traditional methods. The influence of intercalation on the effect of high interlayer spacing between the MXene layers and the performance of MXenes as supercapacitor and battery electrodes is also addressed in this review. Finally, the gaps in the current knowledge for vanadium carbide MXenes in synthesis, scalability, and utilization in more energy storage devices were discussed. he MAX phase. The goal is to demonstrate the utilization of a less toxic etching method to achieve MXenes of comparable properties to those prepared by traditional methods. The influence of intercalation on the effect of high interlayer spacing between the MXene layers and the performance of MXenes as supercapacitor and battery electrodes is also addressed in this review. Lastly, the gaps in the current knowledge for vanadium carbide MXenes in synthesis, scalability, and utilization in more energy storage devices were discussed.

Low-Dimensional Vanadium-Based High-Voltage Cathode Materials for Promising Rechargeable Alkali-Ion Batteries

“…Vanadium oxides, vanadates, and vanadium phosphates are among the high-voltage cathode materials and have received intensive attention for electrochemical energy storage and conversion, especially for secondary batteries, in the last two decades (Figure 1) [3]. And these vanadium-based materials are evaluated in detail, as follows: Oxygen-free vanadium-based chalcogenides, nitrides, and carbides (e.g., MXenes) are novel 2D materials with high-capacity, high-conductivity, and/or high-stability advantages; however, they are usually comparatively inferior in voltage output or generally investigated as electrode materials for supercapacitors [16][17][18]. Polyanion-based phosphates/fluorophosphates [19,20] and layered transition-metal compounds (e.g., different types of O2, O3, P2, and P3, referring to edge-and face-sharing structures [21][22][23][24]) are characterized by their sodium super ionic conductor (NASICON)-type structures for promising high-voltage cathode materials.…”

“…And for vanadium-based phosphates/fluorophosphates, (transition-)metal doping/substitution (e.g., Mn, Fe, Ni, Cr, Ce, Ti, Al, K) [6,[25][26][27][28] and multivalent anion substitution (e.g., partially replacing PO4 3− with SiO4 4− ) [29] are also emerging recently for higher performances (e.g., lower cost, higher capacities, and improved rate performance with enhanced ion/electron transport) [30]. Oxygen-free vanadium-based chalcogenides, nitrides, and carbides (e.g., MXenes) are novel 2D materials with high-capacity, high-conductivity, and/or high-stability advantages; however, they are usually comparatively inferior in voltage output or generally investigated as electrode materials for supercapacitors [16][17][18]. Polyanion-based phosphates/fluorophosphates [19,20] and layered transition-metal compounds (e.g., different types of O2, O3, P2, and P3, referring to edge-and face-sharing structures [21][22][23][24]) are characterized by their sodium super ionic conductor (NASICON)-type structures for promising high-voltage cathode materials.…”