“…Previous studies using classroom-based approaches have shown that students at all ages engage with language in a multitude of ways, e.g. by comparing words, signs and grammatical categories across languages (Krogager Andersen, 2020, submitted;Laursen et al, 2018;Little & Kirwan, 2018), composing dual-language texts (Little & Kirwan, 2018), engaging in metalanguaging conversations (Dufva & Alanen, 2005;Laursen & Daugaard, 2023) or language-related episodes (Thue Vold, 2018), or by drawing and reflecting on personal language portraits (Busch, 2017;Snoder, 2021). All of these may be considered manifestations of language awareness.…”