Variability and systematic differences in normal, protan, and deutan color naming

Nagy, Balázs Vince; Nemeth, Zoltan A; Samu, Krisztián; Ábrahám, György

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01416

Cited by 16 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The other participants with deutan type, including deuteranope or deuteranomalous trichromats, responded with green more often than blue. The frequency with which red-green dichromats respond with green is much higher than in normal trichromats (Nagy et al, 2014). In addition, anomalous trichromats with the deutan type even respond with green more often than normal trichromats; they also tend to respond with green for the lightest blue and purple colors (Bonnardel, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Red-green defective group included all types of defects and severity, following the evidence that protanope and deuteranope groups have similar color naming, with such similarities also apparent between protanomalous and deuteranomalous (Nagy et al, 2014). The naming responses and their frequencies are described in the table.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other researchers have focused on color naming behavior for red-green dichromats and reported that they can sometimes name colors as accurately as normal observers, despite their visual impairment (Scheibner & Boynton, 1968; Smith & Pokorny, 1977; Nagy & Boynton, 1979; Montag & Boynton, 1987; Montag, 1994; Nagy et al, 2014). These studies presented colors using diverse methods, including presenting small stimuli (Scheibner & Boynton, 1968; Nagy et al, 2014) and large stimuli (Smith & Pokorny, 1977; Nagy & Boynton, 1979), with short and long durations (Montag & Boynton, 1987; Montag, 1994), indicating that red-green dichromats have a greater ability to name colors than predicted, especially for larger stimuli. Moreover, a recent study that explored the mechanism of color naming ability in red-green dichromats suggested that color naming ability is supported by residual activity in red-green opponent mechanism, as well as by blue-yellow and achromatic mechanisms (Moreira et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perception of color emotions for single colors in red-green defective observers

Sato

Inoue

2016

PeerJ

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It is estimated that inherited red-green color deficiency, which involves both the protan and deutan deficiency types, is common in men. For red-green defective observers, some reddish colors appear desaturated and brownish, unlike those seen by normal observers. Despite its prevalence, few studies have investigated the effects that red-green color deficiency has on the psychological properties of colors (color emotions). The current study investigated the influence of red-green color deficiency on the following six color emotions: cleanliness, freshness, hardness, preference, warmth, and weight. Specifically, this study aimed to: (1) reveal differences between normal and red-green defective observers in rating patterns of six color emotions; (2) examine differences in color emotions related to the three cardinal channels in human color vision; and (3) explore relationships between color emotions and color naming behavior. Thirteen men and 10 women with normal vision and 13 men who were red-green defective performed both a color naming task and an emotion rating task with 32 colors from the Berkeley Color Project (BCP). Results revealed noticeable differences in the cleanliness and hardness ratings between the normal vision observers, particularly in women, and red-green defective observers, which appeared mainly for colors in the orange to cyan range, and in the preference and warmth ratings for colors with cyan and purple hues. Similarly, naming errors also mainly occurred in the cyan colors. A regression analysis that included the three cone-contrasts (i.e., red-green, blue-yellow, and luminance) as predictors significantly accounted for variability in color emotion ratings for the red-green defective observers as much as the normal individuals. Expressly, for warmth ratings, the weight of the red-green opponent channel was significantly lower in color defective observers than in normal participants. In addition, the analyses for individual warmth ratings in the red-green defective group revealed that luminance cone-contrast was a significant predictor in most red-green-defective individuals. Together, these results suggest that red-green defective observers tend to rely on the blue-yellow channel and luminance to compensate for the weak sensitivity of long- and medium-wavelength (L-M) cone-contrasts, when rating color warmth.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perception of color emotions for single colors in red-green defective observers

Sato

Inoue

2016

PeerJ

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“…These terms are monolexemic, known and used by all members of the language community and can be used to communicate about the color of any type of object. The general limitations in color naming of red-green dichromats [26] also appear for using BCTs [18].…”

Section: Color Naming Models In Dichromatsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Colorimetry and Dichromatic Vision

Moreira¹,

Álvaro²,

Melnikova³

et al. 2018

Colorimetry and Image Processing

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Normal trichromats have three types of cone photoreceptors: L, M, and S cones (most sensitive to long, medium, or short wavelengths, respectively). Therefore, standard colorimetry is based on three variables (X, Y, Z). Dichromats only have two types of functional cones due to genetic factors. The main consequences are that dichromats (1) confuse colors that can only be discriminated by the response of the type of cone they lack and (2) make errors when naming colors. Chromaticity diagrams can be used to specify dichromats' color confusions. Confusion points represent imaginary stimuli that only activate L, M, or S cones. Confusion lines radiate from confusion points and represent pseudoisochromatic stimuli (i.e., colors confused by the corresponding type of dichromat if presented at an appropriate intensity). Dichromat's color appearance models have been developed to simulate the colors supposedly seen by dichromats, and there exist color simulation tools that implement some of those models.

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“…The regression weight of the red-green defective observers was much lower than those of trichromatic men or women. Manuscript to be reviewed protanope and deuteranope groups have similar color naming, with such similarities also apparent between protanomalous and deuteranomalous (Nagy et al, 2014). The naming responses and their frequencies are described in the table.…”

Section: /16mentioning

confidence: 99%

Peer Review #1 of "Perception of color emotions for single colors in red-green defective observers (v0.3)"

2016

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It is estimated that inherited red-green color deficiency, which involves both the protan and deutan deficiency types, is common in men. For red-green defective observers, some reddish colors appear desaturated and brownish, unlike normal observers. Despite its prevalence, few studies have investigated the effects that red-green color deficiency has on the psychological properties of colors (color emotions). The current study investigated the influence of red-green color deficiency on the following six color emotions: cleanliness, freshness, hardness, preference, warmth, and weight. Specifically, this study aimed to: (1) reveal differences between normal and red-green defective observers in rating patterns of six color emotions, (2) examine differences in color emotions related to the three cardinal channels in human color vision, and (3) explore relationships between color emotions and color naming behavior. Thirteen men and 10 women with normal vision and 13 men who were red-green defective performed both a color naming task and an emotion rating task with 32 colors from the Berkeley Color Project (BCP). Results revealed noticeable differences in the cleanliness and hardness ratings between the normal vision observers, in particular women, and red-green defective observers, which appeared mainly for colors in the orange to cyan range, and in the preference and warmth ratings for colors with cyan and purple hues. Similarly, naming errors also mainly occurred in the cyan colors. A regression analysis that included the three cone-contrasts (i.e., red-green, blue-yellow, and luminance) as predictors, significantly accounted for variability in color emotion ratings for the red-green defective observers as much as the normal individuals. Expressly, for warmth ratings, the weight of the red-green opponent channel was significantly lower in color defective observers than in normal participants. In addition, the analyses for individual warmth ratings in the red-green defective group revealed that luminance conecontrast was a significant predictor in most red-green-defective individuals. Together, these results suggest that red-green defective observers tend to rely on the blue-yellow channel and luminance to compensate for the weak sensitivity of long-and mediumwavelength (L-M) cone-contrasts, when rating color warmth.

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Variability and systematic differences in normal, protan, and deutan color naming

Cited by 16 publications

References 36 publications

Perception of color emotions for single colors in red-green defective observers

Perception of color emotions for single colors in red-green defective observers

Colorimetry and Dichromatic Vision

Peer Review #1 of "Perception of color emotions for single colors in red-green defective observers (v0.3)"

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