Variation in adhesion of Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis in saliva-derived biofilms on raw materials of orthodontic brackets

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate differences in the adhesion levels of the most common oral pathogens, Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis, in human saliva-derived microcosm biofilms with respect to time and raw materials of orthodontic brackets. Methods: The samples were classified into three groups of bracket materials: 1) monocrystalline alumina ceramic (CR), 2) stainless steel metal (SS), and 3) polycarbonate plastic (PL), and a hydroxyapatite (HA) group was used to mimic the enamel surface. Saliva was collected from a healthy donor, and saliva-derived biofilms were grown on each sample. A realtime polymerase chain reaction was performed to quantitatively evaluate differences in the attachment levels of total bacteria, S. mutans and P. gingivalis at days 1 and 4. Results: Adhesion of S. mutans and P. gingivalis to CR and HA was higher than the other bracket materials (SS = PL < CR = HA). Total bacteria demonstrated higher adhesion to HA than to bracket materials, but no significant differences in adhesion were observed among the bracket materials (CR = SS = PL < HA). From days 1 to 4, the adhesion of P. gingivalis decreased, while that of S. mutans and total bacteria increased, regardless of material type. Conclusions: The higher adhesion of oral pathogens, such as S. mutans and P. gingivalis to CR suggests that the use of CR brackets possibly facilitates gingival inflammation and enamel decalcification during orthodontic treatment.

Valoración de actividad Cariogénica en Placa Bacteriana Dental en población Pediátrica

“…2000). Si la persona no realiza el control químico y mecánico de esta placa para removerla constantemente, se formará el tártaro o cálculo dental que es precursor para el desarrollo de enfermedades buco dentales prevalentes en el país como la caries y los procesos periodontales como la gingivitis y periodontitis (;Poyato et al, 2001;Caufield et al, 2003).…”

“…La desmineralización del esmalte sólo se produce cuando los ácidos bacterianos (responsables de la caída de pH disuelven la hidroxiapatita aun pH igual o inferior a 5,0, este pH tan bajo es consecuencia de la producción de ácido láctico en un 50%, ácido acético y fórmico, estos ácidos son liberados por las bacterias al fermentar los hidratos de carbono de la dieta (Leite et al, 2000;Kidd y Fejerskov, 2004;Newbrum, 2004;Kidd y Fejerskov, 2013;Fejerskov y Bente, 2017;Park et al, 2022).…”

Managing oral biofilms to avoid enamel demineralization during fixed orthodontic treatment

“…Nevertheless, recent studies employing bracket materials and multispecies biofilms have aimed to determine which brackets are more susceptible to enamel demineralization. 19,46 These limited studies have indicated that bracket materials with rougher surfaces and higher surface-free energy tend to increase biofilm formation and the proportion of MS in the biofilm (Figure 4D-4F). 19,46 This is attributed to rougher surfaces providing an increased area for bacterial adhesion and protection of biofilms from shear forces, while higher surface-free energy thermodynamically facilitates bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation.…”

“…Instead, the proportion of facultative bacteria, such as MS, may increase over time. [17][18][19] While biofilms develop through complex interactions among various strains, most orthodontic microbial studies investigating bacterial interactions with orthodontic appliances have used single species, predominantly S. mutans. [7][8][9][10][11][12]24 Moreover, saliva has been rarely included in orthodontic microbial research.…”

“…As science and technology have advanced, molecular biological approaches incorporating specific genetic analyses, such as real-time polymerase chain reaction, have emerged in microbial research within orthodontics. [15][16][17][18][19] These gene-based methods offer higher sensitivity and specificity in detecting and quantifying multiple pathogenic bacteria associated with orthodontic appliances, enabling more accessible, rapid, and accurate analyses.…”