Variation in Gas and Volatile Compound Emissions from Human Urine as It Ages, Measured by an Electronic Nose

Esfahani, Siavash; Sagar, Nidhi; Kyrou, Ioannis; Mozdiak, Ella; O’Connell, Nicola; Nwokolo, Chuka U.; Bardhan, Karna Dev; Arasaradnam, Ramesh P.; Covington, James A.

doi:10.3390/bios6010004

Cited by 32 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…It remains to be elucidated to what extent fecal VOCs are influenced by the duration of being in frozen state. For urine samples stored at −80 °C, the shelf life, based on VOC concentration and diversity, appears to be nine months [41]. Future research needs to assess the influence of duration of freezing on fecal volatiles analyzed by means of an eNose.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Sampling Conditions and Environmental Factors on Fecal Volatile Organic Compound Analysis by an Electronic Nose Device

Berkhout

Benninga

Stein

et al. 2016

Sensors

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Prior to implementation of volatile organic compound (VOC) analysis in clinical practice, substantial challenges, including methodological, biological and analytical difficulties are faced. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of several sampling conditions and environmental factors on fecal VOC profiles, analyzed by an electronic nose (eNose). Effects of fecal sample mass, water content, duration of storage at room temperature, fecal sample temperature, number of freeze–thaw cycles and effect of sampling method (rectal swabs vs. fecal samples) on VOC profiles were assessed by analysis of totally 725 fecal samples by means of an eNose (Cyranose320®). Furthermore, fecal VOC profiles of totally 1285 fecal samples from 71 infants born at three different hospitals were compared to assess the influence of center of origin on VOC outcome. We observed that all analyzed variables significantly influenced fecal VOC composition. It was feasible to capture a VOC profile using rectal swabs, although this differed significantly from fecal VOC profiles of similar subjects. In addition, 1285 fecal VOC-profiles could significantly be discriminated based on center of birth. In conclusion, standardization of methodology is necessary before fecal VOC analysis can live up to its potential as diagnostic tool in clinical practice.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Sampling Conditions and Environmental Factors on Fecal Volatile Organic Compound Analysis by an Electronic Nose Device

Berkhout

Benninga

Stein

et al. 2016

Sensors

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“…However, the comparisons between benign ovarian tumors or controls and high grade ovarian tumors are more accurate and specific. Fourth, the storage time of our samples was several years, which may have reduced the VOC emissions and thus differences between groups, as has been shown in a recent study examining the effect of storage on VOC profiles of urine [28]. In addition, the effects of the diet and possible medications may have had influence on the concentration and composition of urine although the samples were collected in the morning after at least four hours fasting.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

FAIMS analysis of urine gaseous headspace is capable of differentiating ovarian cancer

Niemi

Roine

Eräviita

et al. 2018

Gynecologic Oncology

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Aim: We hypothesized that field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) as a novel artificial olfactory technology could differentiate urine of women with malignant ovarian tumors from controls and women with benign tumors, based on previous findings on the ability of canine olfactory system to "smell" cancer. Patients and methods: Preoperative urine samples from 51 women with ovarian tumors, both benign and malignant, and from 18 women with genital prolapse, as controls, were collected. The samples were analyzed by FAIMS device. Data analysis was processed by quadratic data analysis (QDA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and cross-validated using 10-fold cross-validation. Results: Thirty-three women had malignant ovarian tumors, of which 18 were high-grade cancers. FAIMS distinguished controls from malignancies with the accuracy of 81.3 % (sensitivity 91.2 % and specificity 63.1 %), and benign tumors from malignancies with the accuracy of 77.3 % (sensitivity 91.5 % and specificity 51.4 %). Moreover, low grade tumors were also separated from high grade cancers and benign ovarian tumors with accuracies of 88.7 % (sensitivity 87.8 % and specificity 89.6 %) and 83.9 % (sensitivity 73.1 % and specificity 92.9 %), respectively. Conclusions: This proof of concept-study indicates that the FAIMS from urine has potential to discriminate malignant ovarian tumors from no tumor-bearing controls and benign tumors.

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“…Levels of VOCs start to reduce after 9 months of storage [18]. Samples were removed from the freezer to defrost at room temperature for a maximum of 2 h. Before analysis, the 4.5 mL of sample was aliquoted into a 22 mL glass vial, placed in the Lonestar, and heated to 38°C.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Invasive Detection of Anastomotic Leakage Following Esophageal and Pancreatic Surgery by Urinary Analysis

et al. 2018

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Background: Esophagectomy or pancreaticoduodenectomy is the standard surgical approach for patients with tumors of the esophagus or pancreatic head. Postoperative mortality is strongly correlated with the occurrence of anastomotic leakage (AL). Delay in diagnosis leads to delay in treatment, which ratifies the need for development of novel and accurate non-invasive diagnostic tests for detection of AL. Urinary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) reflect the metabolic status of an individual, which is associated with a systemic immunological response. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of urinary VOCs to detect AL after esophagectomy or pancreaticoduodenectomy. Methods: In the present study, urinary VOCs of 63 patients after esophagectomy (n = 31) or pancreaticoduodenectomy (n = 32) were analyzed by means of field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry. AL was defined according to international study groups. Results: AL was observed in 15 patients (24%). Urinary VOCs of patients with AL after pancreaticoduodenectomy could be distinguished from uncomplicated controls, area under the curve 0.85 (95% CI 0.76–0.93), sensitivity 76%, and specificity 77%. However, this was not observed following esophagectomy, area under the curve 0.51 (95% CI 0.37–0.65). Conclusion: In our study population AL following pancreaticoduodenectomy could be discriminated from uncomplicated controls by means of urinary VOC analysis, NTC03203434.

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Variation in Gas and Volatile Compound Emissions from Human Urine as It Ages, Measured by an Electronic Nose

Cited by 32 publications

References 27 publications

Effects of Sampling Conditions and Environmental Factors on Fecal Volatile Organic Compound Analysis by an Electronic Nose Device

Effects of Sampling Conditions and Environmental Factors on Fecal Volatile Organic Compound Analysis by an Electronic Nose Device

FAIMS analysis of urine gaseous headspace is capable of differentiating ovarian cancer

Non-Invasive Detection of Anastomotic Leakage Following Esophageal and Pancreatic Surgery by Urinary Analysis

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