Variation in Metabolism: Biological Efficiency of Energy Production and Utilization That Affects Feed Efficiency

Bottje, Walter; Carstens, G. E.

doi:10.1002/9781118392331.ch15

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 155 publications

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“…Mitochondria are cellular organelles, responsible for approximately 90% of oxygen consumption (Bottje and Carstens, 2012). Consistent with this premise, the respiratory control ratio (indicative of the level of coupling between respiration and oxidative phosphorylation and in turn, the degree of efficiency of electron transfer) in longissimus muscle tissue was superior in low-RFI relative to high-RFI steers (Kolath et al, 2006).…”

Section: Mitochondrial Functionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Invited review: Improving feed efficiency of beef cattle – the current state of the art and future challenges

Kenny

Fitzsimons

Waters

et al. 2018

Animal

174

135

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Improvements in feed efficiency of beef cattle have the potential to increase producer profitability and simultaneously lower the environmental footprint of beef production. Although there are many different approaches to measuring feed efficiency, residual feed intake (RFI) has increasingly become the measure of choice. Defined as the difference between an animal's actual and predicted feed intake (based on weight and growth), RFI is conceptually independent of growth and body size. In addition, other measurable traits related to energy expenditure such as estimates of body composition can be included in the calculation of RFI to also force independence from these traits. Feed efficiency is a multifactorial and complex trait in beef cattle and inter-animal variation stems from the interaction of many biological processes influenced, in turn, by physiological status and management regimen. Thus, the purpose of this review was to summarise and interpret current published knowledge and provide insight into research areas worthy of further investigation. Indeed, where sufficient suitable reports exist, meta-analyses were conducted in order to mitigate ambiguity between studies in particular. We have identified a paucity of information on the contribution of key biological processes, including appetite regulation, post-ruminal nutrient absorption, and cellular energetics and metabolism to the efficiency of feed utilisation in cattle. In addition, insufficient information exists on the relationship between RFI status and productivity-related traits at pasture, a concept critical to the overall lifecycle of beef production systems. Overall, published data on the effect of RFI status on both terminal and maternal traits, coupled with the moderate repeatability and heritability of the trait, suggest that breeding for improved RFI, as part of a multi-trait selection index, is both possible and cumulative, with benefits evident throughout the production cycle. Although the advent of genomic selection, with associated improved prediction accuracy, will expedite the introgression of elite genetics for feed efficiency within beef cattle populations, there are challenges associated with this approach which may, in the long-term, be overcome by increased international collaborative effort but, in the short term, will not obviate the on-going requirement for accurate measurement of the primary phenotype.

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Section: Mitochondrial Functionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Invited review: Improving feed efficiency of beef cattle – the current state of the art and future challenges

Kenny

Fitzsimons

Waters

et al. 2018

Animal

174

135

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…2 ). Mitochondria are responsible of approximately 90% of the oxygen consumption [ 47 ]. It has been reported that the lymphocytes of low-RFI steers have a larger mitochondrial complex I, which suggests a higher production of ATP in efficient animals [ 48 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene networks for three feed efficiency criteria reveal shared and specific biological processes

et al. 2020

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Background French beef producers suffer from the decrease in profitability of their farms mainly because of the continuous increase in feed costs. Selection for feed efficiency in beef cattle represents a relevant solution to face this problem. However, feed efficiency is a complex trait that can be assessed by three major criteria: residual feed intake (RFI), residual gain (RG) and feed efficiency ratio (FE), which involve different genetic determinisms. An analysis that combines phenotype and whole-genome sequence data provides a unique framework for genomic studies. The aim of our study was to identify the gene networks and the biological processes that are responsible for the genetic determinism that is shared between these three feed efficiency criteria. Results A population of 1477 French Charolais young bulls was phenotyped for feed intake (FI), average daily gain (ADG) and final weight (FW) to estimate RFI, RG and FE. A subset of 789 young bulls was genotyped on the BovineSNP50 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array and imputed at the sequence level using RUN6 of the 1000 Bull Genomes Project. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to estimate the individual effect of 8.5 million SNPs and applied an association weight matrix (AWM) approach to analyse the results, one for each feed efficiency criterion. The results highlighted co-association networks including 626 genes for RFI, 426 for RG and 564 for FE. Enrichment assessment revealed the biological processes that show the strongest association with RFI, RG and FE, i.e. digestive tract (salivary, gastric and mucin secretion) and metabolic processes (cellular and cardiovascular). Energetic functions were more associated with RFI and FE and cardio-vascular and cellular processes with RG. Several hormones such as apelin, glucagon, insulin, aldosterone, the gonadotrophin releasing hormone and the thyroid hormone were also identified, and these should be tested in future studies as candidate biomarkers for feed efficiency. Conclusions The combination of network and pathway analyses at the sequence level led to the identification of both common and specific mechanisms that are involved in RFI, RG and FE, and to a better understanding of the genetic determinism underlying these three criteria. The effects of the genes involved in each of the identified processes need to be tested in genomic evaluations to confirm the potential gain in reliability of using functional variants to select animals for feed efficiency.

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“…The integral part of OXYPHOS, the ETC, is composed of five multi-protein complexes and two electron carriers (ubiquinone and cytochrome) transporting electrons to oxygen, creating a proton motive force. The resulting membrane potential enables energy production when these protons flow back via ATP synthase 13 . Proton transfer at sites other than ATP synthase reduces mitochondrial efficiency, but is critical for ROS production.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced pre-pubertal nutrition upregulates mitochondrial function in testes and sperm of post-pubertal Holstein bulls

Johnson

Dance

Kovalchuk

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Supplemental energy and protein during calf-hood (2-30 wk) in dairy bulls hastened puberty (~1 mo), upregulated steroid biosynthesis, concentrations of reproductive hormones and Sertoli cell maturation, with larger testes and greater sperm production (~25%) in mature bulls. The objective was to evaluate effects of feeding high (20.0% crude protein [CP], 67.9% total digestible nutrients [TDN]), control/ medium (17.0% CP, 66.0% TDN) and low (12.2% CP, 62.9% TDN) diets from 2 to 30 wk on post-pubertal testes of Holstein bulls. Based on RNA sequencing, 497 and 2961 genes were differentially expressed (p < 0.1) in high-vs low-and high-vs medium-diet groups, respectively. According to KEGG analysis, oxidative phosphorylation and ribosome pathways were upregulated in high-vs medium-and low-diet groups, with majority of upregulated genes encoding for essential subunits of complex I, III, IV and V of OXYPHOS pathway. In addition, mitochondrial translation, mitotic nuclear division and cell division were enriched in high-vs medium-diet groups. Consistent with these results, a greater percentage of sperm from high-diet bulls were progressively motile and had normal mitochondrial function compared to medium-diet sperm (p < 0.1). Thus, enhanced early life nutrition upregulated mitochondrial function in testes and sperm of post-pubertal Holstein bulls.Enhanced early-life nutrition hastens puberty, with ~25% increases in testis size and sperm production in dairy and beef bulls 1,2 . The underlying endocrine basis is profound increases in luteinizing hormone (LH) pulse frequency and insulin like growth factor (IGF-I) concentrations in blood 3,4 . In a cohort-based study in Sweden, low nutrition during the pre-pubertal period in men reduced susceptibility to heart disease in their offspring 5 , consistent with developmental programming in male germ cells that extends well into early post-natal life 6 . Therefore, nutritional modulation during early life affects testicular development, with apparent epigenetic effects on post-pubertal sperm function.We reported increased cholesterol/steroid biosynthesis and Sertoli cell maturation in testicular tissues of high-diet bulls at 16 and 24 wk, respectively 7 . Although a wide range in pre-pubertal diets had no significant effects on routine analyses of sperm morphology and function 8 , molecular-level analyses should be done, to ensure no deleterious effects are transmitted to the next generation. Our objective was to determine effects of pre-pubertal dietary modulations on post-pubertal testes of Holstein bulls. ResultsmRNA profile of testes. Approximately 340 × 10 6 reads were obtained from the 24 libraries sequenced. On average, 14,357,890 (SD = 2,267,076) reads were obtained per library and 13,565,597 (SD = 2,148,261) mapped to the Ensemble gene annotation database. On average 13,710,936 (SD = 3,098,630), 13,120,341 (SD = 1,219,498) and 13,865,513 (SD = 1,929,109) reads were mapped from HD, MD and LD groups respectively. A total of 18,288 genes were detected in testicular tissue and...

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Variation in Metabolism: Biological Efficiency of Energy Production and Utilization That Affects Feed Efficiency

Cited by 7 publications

References 155 publications

Invited review: Improving feed efficiency of beef cattle – the current state of the art and future challenges

Invited review: Improving feed efficiency of beef cattle – the current state of the art and future challenges

Gene networks for three feed efficiency criteria reveal shared and specific biological processes

Enhanced pre-pubertal nutrition upregulates mitochondrial function in testes and sperm of post-pubertal Holstein bulls

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