Variation in the headspace of bulk hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD): Part II. Analysis of non-detonable canine training aids

Simon, Alison G.; DeGreeff, Lauryn E.

doi:10.1016/j.forc.2019.100155

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 18 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…As it is stated in the literature, the odor profile of HMTD is complex. [19, 25–27]. Using headspace SPME‐GC/MS, degradation products of HMTD could be identified in the headspace of the HMTD mixture.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Canine training aids have been reviewed in detail by Simon et al [18]. Commercially available HMTD training aids have been characterized [19] without disclosing the brand. The results indicate headspace variation of bulk HMTD vs. commercial training aids that contain HMTD and diatomaceous earth [8][9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The resulting materials were characterized in terms of handling safety (impact and friction sensitivity), security testing (Koenen Tube Test, Thermal Stability Test), toxicity (Lumistox test) and detectability with EDD provided by German Federal Police. With respect to the difficult gas phase behaviour of HMTD [19,[25][26][27] solely the volatility of the TATP training aid was investigated by vapor pressure measurements with the transpiration method (performed at the University of Munich) and by real-time concentration monitoring with a process mass spectrometer. Additionally, the headspace composition of the TATP and HMTD training aids was investigated with SPME-GC/MS (solid phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectroscopy).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Phlegmatization of TATP and HMTD with Activated Charcoal as Training Aid for Explosive Detection Dogs

Wilhelm

Bikelytė

Wittek

et al. 2021

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Both TATP and HMTD could be phlegmatized by coprecipitation with active charcoal resulting in mixtures with a nominal content of 40 wt-% (d40-TATP) and 10 wt-% (d10-HMTD), respectively. In terms of impact and friction sensitivity for both peroxides a content of 40 wt-% resulted in > 30 Nm impact sensitivity and > 360 N friction sensitivity. Both phlegmatized peroxides passed the Koenen Tube and Thermal Stability Test according to the UN recommendation on the transport of dangerous goods test manual. Investigations with a process mass spectrometer indicate that d40-TATP can produce a saturated TATP headspace at least in the same time as the same amount of pure TATP. Measurements with the transpiration method demonstrated that the vapor pressure p sat at 298.15 K of d40-TATP (2.3 Pa) and d32.7-TATP (0.9 Pa) is lower than that of pure TATP (6.7 Pa). Headspace SPME-GC/MS measurements revealed that the active charcoal does not contribute to the vapor profile of the training aid. Both d40-TATP and d10-HMTD were tested as training aids for explosive detection dog teams (EDD). In both differentiation track and realistic environment scenarios a detection rate of 100 % could be achieved by German Federal Police EDD with a false positive rate of solely 3 %.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Phlegmatization of TATP and HMTD with Activated Charcoal as Training Aid for Explosive Detection Dogs

Wilhelm

Bikelytė

Wittek

et al. 2021

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Continuing with the HMTD example above, HMTD dissociates at room temperature. The diatomaceous earth-based training aids changed the way that the HMTD entered the atmosphere and resulted in poor representation of the bulk material (69). This same consideration must be given to liquid dilutions.…”

Section: Dilutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This method does render the explosive safe; however, it lacks the same matrix consideration as the dilution method. Interactions with the matrix may change the odor profile so that it does not accurately reflect bulk material (69).…”

Section: Encapsulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Types of Training Aids Used for Canine Detection Training

Simon¹,

Lazarowski

Singletary

et al. 2020

Front. Vet. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The canine detection community is a diverse one, ranging from scientific fields such as behavior, genetics, veterinary medicine, chemistry, and biology to applications in law enforcement, military, medicine, and agricultural/environmental detection. This diversity has allowed for a flourishing and innovative community, yet it has also led to little acceptance and agreement on terminology. This is especially true when discussing the variety of training aids used in olfactory-based exercises. In general, authentic materials and pseudo-scents are the most commonly discussed, with the former accepted widely for training and certification, and the latter more often disregarded. However, as advances are made in the creation of training materials, alternative training aids are being introduced that do not fit into either of these categories. The misconceptions surrounding how these alternative training aids are manufactured has led to confusion on their classification, and therefore their reliance as an effective tool. This manuscript will review the existing language surrounding canine training aids, address relevant research revealing effectiveness, and clarify the different types based on their manufacture, chemical nature, and fundamental function.

show abstract

Impact of Adsorption on the Vapor Availability of Contained Explosives and Drugs

Calabrese,

Alexis,

Furton

et al. 2024

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Detection canines are used to locate explosives, drugs, and other contraband based on the presence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with the target items, even when attempts have been made to contain them in layers of packaging. It is important to understand the extent to which different materials impact vapor availability through adsorption or absorption and therefore the ability of canines to detect target materials. This study considered how the attenuation of vapor components associated with explosives and drugs (hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD), trinitrotoluene (TNT), triacetone triperoxide (TATP), and cocaine) by commonly used concealment and storage materials (metal, glass, plastic, and cardboard). Adsorption/desorption affinity was measured using a quartz crystal microbalance which can measure nanogram level mass changes as vapor from an analyte is flowed over and interacts with a sensor coated in a material of interest. Headspace analysis using solid phase microextraction (SPME) with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry or electron capture detector (GC/MS or ECD) measured the VOCs over time as each analyte of interest was exposed to either 50 cm2 or 100 cm2 of each material. Overall, the results demonstrated that the amount of sorption and vapor suppression varies based on the material, with the greatest attenuation of analyte vapor by cardboard, followed by polystyrene, and then glass. Furthermore, it also depends on the analyte, as demonstrated by minimal sorption of TATP, particularly to polystyrene, and the compounds in HMTD having different affinities resulting in an altered vapor profile.

show abstract

Variation in the headspace of bulk hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD): Part II. Analysis of non-detonable canine training aids

Cited by 18 publications

References 18 publications

Phlegmatization of TATP and HMTD with Activated Charcoal as Training Aid for Explosive Detection Dogs

Phlegmatization of TATP and HMTD with Activated Charcoal as Training Aid for Explosive Detection Dogs

A Review of the Types of Training Aids Used for Canine Detection Training

Impact of Adsorption on the Vapor Availability of Contained Explosives and Drugs

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About