Variation in the human Achilles tendon moment arm during walking

Rasske, Kristen; Thelen, Darryl G.; Franz, Jason R.

doi:10.1080/10255842.2016.1213818

Cited by 48 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…MR imaging studies have yielded moment arm values for young adults ranging from 4.8 to 6.0 cm [1,3-5,10], which closely matched our 95% confidence-interval of 5.1 to 5.6 cm. Our geometric measurements also agreed with dynamic measures of moment arm that were acquired during gait using a combined ultrasound and motion capture approach [11]. Previously reported tendon excursion/US measurements of plantarflexor moment arm in young men range from 3.1 to 4.2 cm [5,[12][13][14], similar to our 95% confidence-interval values of 2.9 to 3.6 cm.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Advances in MR imaging provide the capability to quantify the three-dimensional moment arm of the Achilles tendon [21,22], which may have implications on pathologic populations [23]. As an alternative, three-dimensional motion capture and US have been combined to permit assessment of the distance between the transmalleolar axis and the Achilles tendon line of action during functional activities [11,24]. Quantifying moment arm dynamically in this way may provide new insight into the implications of joint structure [3,25] and muscle activity [11] on joint leverage and function.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As an alternative, three-dimensional motion capture and US have been combined to permit assessment of the distance between the transmalleolar axis and the Achilles tendon line of action during functional activities [11,24]. Quantifying moment arm dynamically in this way may provide new insight into the implications of joint structure [3,25] and muscle activity [11] on joint leverage and function. Tendon Excursion % Figure 1.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plantarflexor Moment Arms Estimated From Tendon Excursion In Vivo Are Not Well Correlated With Geometric Measurements

Baxter

Piazza

2018

Preprint

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Geometric and tendon excursion methods have both been used extensively for estimating plantarflexor muscle moment arm in vivo. Geometric measures often utilize magnetic resonance imaging, which can be costly and impractical for many investigations. Estimating moment arm from tendon excursion measured with ultrasonography may provide a cost-effective alternative to geometric measures of moment arm, but how well such measures represent geometry-based moment arms remains in question. The purpose of this study was to determine whether moment arms from tendon excursion can serve as a surrogate for moment arms measured geometrically. Magnetic resonance and ultrasound imaging were performed on 19 young male subjects to quantify plantarflexor moment arm based on geometric and tendon excursion paradigms, respectively. These measurements were only moderately correlated (R 2 = 0.21, p = 0.052), and moment arm from tendon excursion under-approximated geometric moment arm by nearly 40% (p < 0.001). This moderate correlation between methods is at odds with a prior report (N = 9) of a very strong correlation (R 2 = 0.94) in a similar study. Therefore, we performed 92,378 regression analyses (19 choose 9) to determine if such a strong correlation existed in our study population. We found that certain sub-populations of the current study generated similarly strong coefficients of determination (R 2 = 0.92), but 84% of all analyses revealed no correlation (p > 0.05). Our results suggest that the moment arms from musculoskeletal geometry cannot be otherwise obtained by simply scaling moment arms estimated from tendon excursion.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plantarflexor Moment Arms Estimated From Tendon Excursion In Vivo Are Not Well Correlated With Geometric Measurements

Baxter

Piazza

2018

Preprint

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“…Small retroreflective markers (14 mm diameter) were placed at specific anatomical locations on the participants’ trunk, arms, and lower limbs. The marker set used in this study was the same proposed by Lai et al 4 However, we added another ten markers (four on the right and left knee and the other six on the right shank/foot) to measure the tendon lever arm during running as described by Rasske et al 25 (see Data Analysis). The 3D marker trajectories were recorded using 12 Vicon cameras (Vero 2.2, Oxford Metrics) sampling at 250 Hz.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Achilles and patellar tendon forces were calculated as the net ankle or net knee moment divided by the tendon lever arm, where the moment arm was estimated as suggested by Rasske et al 25 The contribution of the antagonist moment (biceps femoris and tibialis anterior) to the net joint moment was taken into account (as described above) and subtracted from that of the agonist muscles.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastrocnemius Medialis and Vastus Lateralis in vivo muscle‐tendon behavior during running at increasing speeds

Monte

Baltzopoulos

Maganaris

et al. 2020

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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This study combines in vivo ultrasound measurements of the Vastus Lateralis (VL) and Gastrocnemius Medialis (GM) muscles with electromyographic, kinematic, and kinetic measurements during treadmill running at different speeds (10, 13, and 16 km/h) to better understand the role of muscle and tendon behavior in two functionally different muscle‐tendon units. In addition, the force‐length and force‐velocity relationships of VL and GM were experimentally assessed by combining dynamometry and EMG data with ultrasound measurements. With increasing running speed, the operating length of the fascicles in the stance phase shifted toward smaller lengths in the GM (P < .05; moving down the ascending limb of the F‐L relationship) and longer lengths in the VL (P < .05; moving down the descending limb) at all speeds; however, both muscles contracted close to their optimal length L0, where isometric force is maximal. Whereas the length of VL SEE did not change as a function of speed, GM SEE lengthened and shortened more at higher speeds. With increasing running speed, the contribution of elastic strain energy to the positive power generated by the MTU increased more for GM (from 0.75 to 1.56 W/kg) than for VL (from 0.62 to 1.02 W/kg). Notwithstanding these differences, these results indicate that, at increasing running speeds, both the VL and GM muscles produce high forces at low contraction velocities, and that the primary function of both muscle‐tendon units is to enhance the storage and recovery of elastic strain energy.

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The influence of aging on the insertion of the Achilles tendon: A magnetic resonance study

et al. 2019

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The aim of this study was to examine the variations of the Achilles tendon (AT) insertion point into the calcaneal bone (CB) in relation to age and sex using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A total of 202 foot and ankle MRIs were reviewed and patients were allocated into three age groups: (I) <18, (II) 18-65, and (III) >65 years. All measurements were obtained on a mid-sagittal scan. The mean measurement values were used to assess the relationships among the AT insertion point, sex, and age. Our main findings revealed that (1) the distance between the most inferior point of the CB and the most inferior part of the AT insertion into the CB increases with age, (2) the height of the AT insertion into the posterior aspect of the CB decreases with age, and (3) the length of the AT insertion into the posterior aspect of the CB decreases with age. The terminal insertion point of the ATon the CB in younger subjects was more distal, whereas in older individuals it was more proximal. These results could help in developing novel strategies for the treatment and prophylaxis of AT injuries in particular patient age groups. Anatomical data about the AT insertion are crucial for developing a computer model of the ATand for biomechanical considerations regarding this tendon. Clin. Anat. 33:545-551, 2020.

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Variation in the human Achilles tendon moment arm during walking

Cited by 48 publications

References 20 publications

Plantarflexor Moment Arms Estimated From Tendon Excursion In Vivo Are Not Well Correlated With Geometric Measurements

Plantarflexor Moment Arms Estimated From Tendon Excursion In Vivo Are Not Well Correlated With Geometric Measurements

Gastrocnemius Medialis and Vastus Lateralis in vivo muscle‐tendon behavior during running at increasing speeds

The influence of aging on the insertion of the Achilles tendon: A magnetic resonance study

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