Variation in the proesterone content of the rat adrenal gland during the oestrous cycle

Holzbauer, Margarethe; Godden, Urma

doi:10.1016/0022-4731(74)90115-0

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The naturally occurring changes in progesterone concentrations during the oestrous cycle are sufficiently large to influence MAO activity in various tissues including brain (Kamberi & Kobayashi, 1970;Holzbauer & Youdim, 1972;Youdim, Holzbauer & Woods, 1974). Some measure of the connection between MAO activity and progesterone production was provided by Holzbauer & Youdim (1973) who measured the progesterone content of ovaries and adrenal glands which synthesize and secrete about equal amounts of progesterone in the rat (Fajer, Holzbauer & Newport, 1971;Holzbauer & Godden, 1974 (Milkovic, Milkovic & Paunovic, 1973;Challis, Heap & Illingworth, 1973) also tend to agree with the present results. Urinary output, and release into the blood steam of both adrenaline and noradrenaline is persistently increased during the last days of pregnancy (Parvez et al, 1973a and b).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…The naturally occurring changes in progesterone concentrations during the oestrous cycle are sufficiently large to influence MAO activity in various tissues including brain (Kamberi & Kobayashi, 1970;Holzbauer & Youdim, 1972;Youdim, Holzbauer & Woods, 1974). Some measure of the connection between MAO activity and progesterone production was provided by Holzbauer & Youdim (1973) who measured the progesterone content of ovaries and adrenal glands which synthesize and secrete about equal amounts of progesterone in the rat (Fajer, Holzbauer & Newport, 1971;Holzbauer & Godden, 1974). The extensive experiments of Ball, Knuppen, Haupt & Breuer (1972) who investigated the physicochemical interactions between oestrogens and catecholamines and their effect on methylation of catechol oestrogens, catecholamines and other catechols by COMT, point to an important role for oestrogens in the control of amine metabolism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Variation in Activity of Monoamine Metabolizing Enzymes in Rat Liver During Pregnancy

Parvez

Youdim

1975

British J Pharmacology

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I Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities in rat liver were measured during pregnancy, parturition and postpartum. Compared with activity in non-pregnant controls, both enzymes showed a significant decrease in activity which was most pronounced at day 18.2 The metabolism of intravenously infused [3 HI -adrenaline to [3HI -metanephrine and to [3 HI -acidic metabolites was also significantly depressed during pregnancy but had returned to control values by the 21 st day. 3 The effects of reserpine and/or nialamide on hepatic COMT and MAO were studied in control and 20-day-pregnant rats. Their action on COMT activity differed in the two groups. MAO was inhibited to a similar extent in these groups whether the drugs were given separately or in combination. 4 It seems possible that the changes in endocrine function which occur during pregnancy are responsible for the observed alterations in enzyme activity.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…The naturally occurring changes in progesterone concentrations during the oestrous cycle are sufficiently large to influence MAO activity in various tissues including brain (Kamberi & Kobayashi, 1970;Holzbauer & Youdim, 1972;Youdim, Holzbauer & Woods, 1974). Some measure of the connection between MAO activity and progesterone production was provided by Holzbauer & Youdim (1973) who measured the progesterone content of ovaries and adrenal glands which synthesize and secrete about equal amounts of progesterone in the rat (Fajer, Holzbauer & Newport, 1971;Holzbauer & Godden, 1974). The extensive experiments of Ball, Knuppen, Haupt & Breuer (1972) who investigated the physicochemical interactions between oestrogens and catecholamines and their effect on methylation of catechol oestrogens, catecholamines and other catechols by COMT, point to an important role for oestrogens in the control of amine metabolism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation in Activity of Monoamine Metabolizing Enzymes in Rat Liver During Pregnancy

Parvez

Youdim

1975

British J Pharmacology

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“…Determining the P response to stress in naturally cycling women can be difficult due to the hormone fluctuations throughout the menstrual cycle. For example, while work in rodents demonstrated that adrenal P is at its lowest levels when ovarian P is at its peak from the evening of estrus to the evening of metestrus (Holzbauer and Godden, 1974), other work showed that a relationship between P and cortisol could be detected in a group of women with low ovarian P output as a result of hormonal contraception use (Wirth et al., 2007). The pattern of ovarian P output influencing adrenal P output in female rodents and women suggests that women should experience smaller P responses to stress during the high-P luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and greater P responses to stress during the low-P follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite revealing a dual role for P in the stress response during the menstrual cycle, namely that higher baseline P levels are associated with higher baseline levels of bioavailable cortisol and larger cortisol response to stress, and that stress exposure also leads to rises in P, this study is limited in that it does not address P response to stress across the entire menstrual cycle, i.e., across follicular and luteal phases. Based on the work showing that high ovarian output of P is associated with suppressed adrenal P output (Holzbauer and Godden, 1974, Wirth et al., 2007), it may be that stress-induced adrenal P response would be diminished as a result of the higher ovarian P output during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. If, as suggested above, the role of stress-induced P release is to mitigate the feelings of anxiety and aid in the return to homeostasis, then the higher baseline P levels during the high-ovarian-output phases may be already serving the purpose that adrenal P release would typically serve in a low P environment by fulfilling these roles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress-induced increases in progesterone and cortisol in naturally cycling women

Herrera

Nielsen

Mather

2016

Neurobiology of Stress

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Studies with animals of both sexes show that the adrenal glands release progesterone in addition to cortisol in response to stress. However, little is known about the progesterone response to stress in naturally cycling women. We investigated the effect of stress on estradiol, progesterone, and cortisol levels in women during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. We found that physical stress (the cold pressor test) had no effect on estradiol levels, but increased progesterone and cortisol. We also found positive correlations between baseline progesterone and cortisol levels, as well as between the change in progesterone and cortisol before and after water exposure in both the stress and control sessions. Mediation analyses revealed during the stress session, the change in progesterone from baseline to 42-min post-stress onset was mediated by the magnitude of change in cortisol levels across the same time span. Overall, these findings reveal that progesterone released in response to stress as observed in animals and men extends to women during the low ovarian output follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, and that the mechanism of release may be similar to the mechanism of cortisol release.

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“…For example, 3α,5α-THP is secreted by the ovaries and adrenals in a manner similar to P 4 [19, 20]. 3α,5α-THP is also formed centrally when ovarian and/or adrenal P 4 is metabolized in brain [21, 22] and it is also a neurosteroid [23, 24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progestin Concentrations Are Increased following Paced Mating in Midbrain, Hippocampus, Diencephalon, and Cortex of Rats in Behavioral Estrus, but Only in Midbrain of Diestrous Rats

Frye

Rhodes²

2006

Neuroendocrinology

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Background: The progesterone (P₄) metabolite, 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (3α,5α-THP), acts in the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) to modulate the intensity and duration of lordosis. 3α,5α-THP can also have anti-anxiety and anti-stress effects in part through actions in the hippocampus. Separate reports indicate that manipulating 3α,5α-THP levels in the VTA or hippocampus respectively can influence lordosis and affective behavior. 3α,5α-THP levels can also be altered by behavioral experiences, such as mating or swim stress. Whether endogenous levels of 3α,5α-THP modulate and/or are increased in response to affective and/or reproductively-relevant behaviors was investigated. Methods: In Experiment 1, rats in behavioral estrus or diestrus were individually tested sequentially in the open field, elevated plus maze, partner preference, social interaction, and paced mating tasks and levels of 17β-estradiol (E₂), P₄, dihydroprogesterone (DHP), and 3α,5α-THP in serum, midbrain, hippocampus, diencephalon, and cortex were examined. In Experiments 2 and 3, rats in behavioral estrus or diestrus, were individually tested in the battery indicated above, with, or without, paced mating and tissues were collected immediately after testing for later assessment of endocrine measures. Results: In Experiment 1, behavioral estrous, compared to diestrous, rats demonstrated more exploratory, anti-anxiety, social, and reproductive behaviors, and had higher levels of E₂ and progestins in serum, midbrain, hippocampus, diencephalon, and cortex. In Experiment 2, in midbrain and hippocampus, levels of 3α,5α-THP and its precursor DHP were increased among rats in behavioral estrus that were mated. In diencephalon, and cortex, DHP levels were increased by mating. In Experiment 3, in midbrain, levels of 3α,5α-THP and its precursor DHP were increased among diestrous rats that were tested in the behavioral battery with mating as compared to those tested in the behavioral battery without mating. Conclusions: Increased levels of 3α,5α-THP in behavioral estrus versus diestrous rats are associated with enhanced exploratory, anti-anxiety, social, and reproductive behaviors. Rats in behavioral estrus that are mated have further increases in 3α,5α-THP and/or DHP levels in midbrain, hippocampus, diencephalon, and cortex than do non-mated rats in behavioral estrus, whereas diestrous rats only show 3α,5α-THP increases in midbrain in response to behavioral testing that included mating.

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Variation in the proesterone content of the rat adrenal gland during the oestrous cycle

Cited by 7 publications

References 16 publications

Variation in Activity of Monoamine Metabolizing Enzymes in Rat Liver During Pregnancy

Variation in Activity of Monoamine Metabolizing Enzymes in Rat Liver During Pregnancy

Stress-induced increases in progesterone and cortisol in naturally cycling women

Progestin Concentrations Are Increased following Paced Mating in Midbrain, Hippocampus, Diencephalon, and Cortex of Rats in Behavioral Estrus, but Only in Midbrain of Diestrous Rats

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