Variation in the risk for liver and gallbladder cancers in socioeconomic and occupational groups in Sweden with etiological implications

Abstract

Occupations with high consumption of alcohol and/or high prevalence of smoking associated with a risk of liver and gallbladder cancers. The present study suggests that the effects of socioeconomic factors on liver cancer of different subsites are similar; alcohol drinking is a risk factor of gallbladder cancer because of the covariation of primary liver and gallbladder cancers in occupational groups.

Cancer mortality and farming in South Korea: an ecologic study

“…We found negative associations between farming and gall bladder cancer in both men and women, which is consistent with a Swedish study that reported decreased risk of gallbladder cancer among farmers [42]. Since little epidemiologic study has focused on the link between farming and gallbladder cancer and as the cause of carcinoma of the gallbladder is still largely unknown [43], further studies are needed to investigate this association.…”

Combined effect of socioeconomic status, viral hepatitis, and lifestyles on hepatocelluar carcinoma risk in Korea

“…Few studies have investigated SES in addition to other exposures to measure the independent and combined effects on risk of HCC (Joshi et al , 2008; Spadea et al , 2009). A direct association between cancer and SES could not be established and there is lack of studies of the relative or attributable risk of SES adjusting for demographic and behavioural factors (Yu et al , 2000; Ji and Hemminki, 2005; Gwenn et al , 2007). Our findings suggest a definite independent and combined effect of low SES on risk of HCC when using family income as a direct indicator of SES in a multivariate model adjusted for other risk factors.…”

Cancer risk in relationship to different indicators of adult socioeconomic position in Turin, Italy

“…First, the relationship with occupational class is likely to be due to health selection at adult age, since people with alcohol problems have higher probability to face downward mobility in the labour market [34]. Secondly, the two indicators might capture effects of current socioeconomic position on liver cancer, in particular through the effect of adult social position on heavy drinking but perhaps also through exposure to specific carcinogens [35]. The results suggest that these two mechanisms are predominant, which would imply that they mask any possible residual effect of educational level on the viral origin of this cancer, as was suggested for stomach cancer.…”