Variation in the Smut Fungi

Holton, C. S.; Hoffmann, and J A; Duran, Ruben

doi:10.1146/annurev.py.06.090168.001241

Cited by 36 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…are seen to infect all the cruciferous hosts. Ustilago striiformis sporulates on the leaf and stem tissues of various grasses, and also occasionally sporulates on rhizomes below the ground (Holton et al, 1968).…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virulence of the maize smut Ustilago maydis is shaped by organ‐specific effectors

Schilling

Matei

Redkar

et al. 2014

Molecular Plant Pathology

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With the exception of Ustilago maydis, smut fungi infecting monocotyledonous hosts systemically colonize infected plants and cause symptoms exclusively in the inflorescences. Ustilago may disinfects primordia of all aerial organs of maize (Zea mays L.) and results in the formation of large plant tumours. Previously, we have found that U. maydis infection of seedling leaves, adult leaves and tassels causes organ-specific transcriptional changes in both the pathogen and the host. Of particular interest, U. may disgenes encoding secreted proteins are differentially expressed depending on the colonized maize organ. Therefore, we hypothesized that the fungus secretes virulence-related proteins (effectors)that act in an organ-specific manner. Here, we present the identification and functional characterization of 20 presumptive organ-specific U. maydis effector genes. Ustilago maydis deletion strains for these genes were generated and tested for infectivity of maize seedling leaves and tassels. This approach identified 11 effector genes required for the full virulence of U. maydis. In nine cases, virulence was only affected in one of the tested plant organs. These results demonstrate that individual fungal effector proteins contribute to fungal virulence in an organ-specific manner.

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Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virulence of the maize smut Ustilago maydis is shaped by organ‐specific effectors

Schilling

Matei

Redkar

et al. 2014

Molecular Plant Pathology

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“…Holton et al (1968) argued that gross morphology was determined by genotypic or inherently permanent factors. The gross morphology of an infection will be influenced to some extent by environmental factors (Fullerton 1975), but as in the case of the smuts on Themeda , the morphology of the sorus will be distinctive for different species rather than dependant on the structure of the grass.…”

Section: Determining a Natural Classification Of The Ustilago-sporisomentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of the <I>Ustilago-Sporisorium-Macalpinomyces</I> complex

McTaggart¹,

Shivas²,

Geering³

et al. 2012

Pers - Int Mycol J

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The fungal genera Ustilago, Sporisorium and Macalpinomyces represent an unresolved complex. Taxa within the complex often possess characters that occur in more than one genus, creating uncertainty for species placement. Previous studies have indicated that the genera cannot be separated based on morphology alone. Here we chronologically review the history of the Ustilago-Sporisorium-Macalpinomyces complex, argue for its resolution and suggest methods to accomplish a stable taxonomy. A combined molecular and morphological approach is required to identify synapomorphic characters that underpin a new classification. Ustilago, Sporisorium and Macalpinomyces require explicit re-description and new genera, based on monophyletic groups, are needed to accommodate taxa that no longer fit the emended descriptions. A resolved classification will end the taxonomic confusion that surrounds generic placement of these smut fungi.

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“…Supplementary ultrastructural research revealed no marked differences between Ustilago and Sporisorium species (Piepenbring et al 1998b). Moreover, commonly used characters like the sorus structure are, to a great extent, dependent on the host's morphology or even determined by it (Savile 1954;Fullerton and Langdon 1968;Holton et al 1968).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Molecular phylogeny of Ustilago and Sporisorium species (Basidiomycota, Ustilaginales) based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences

Stoll¹,

Piepenbring²,

Begerow³

et al. 2003

Can. J. Bot.

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DNA sequence data from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear rDNA genes were used to determine a phylogenetic relationship between the graminicolous smut genera Ustilago and Sporisorium (Ustilaginales). Fifty-three members of both genera were analysed together with three related outgroup genera. Neighbor-joining and Bayesian inferences of phylogeny indicate the monophyly of a bipartite genus Sporisorium and the monophyly of a core Ustilago clade. Both methods confirm the recently published nomenclatural change of the cane smut Ustilago scitaminea to Sporisorium scitamineum and indicate a putative connection between Ustilago maydis and Sporisorium. Overall, the three clades resolved in our analyses are only weakly supported by morphological characters. Still, their preferences to parasitize certain subfamilies of Poaceae could be used to corroborate our results: all members of both Sporisorium groups occur exclusively on the grass subfamily Panicoideae. The core Ustilago group mainly infects the subfamilies Pooideae or Chloridoideae.Résumé : Afin de déterminer la relation phylogénétique des genres Ustilago et Sporisorium (Ustilaginales), responsables du charbon chez les graminées, les auteurs ont utilisé les données de séquence de la région espaceur transcrit interne (ITS) des gènes nucléiques ADNr. Ils ont analysé 53 membres de ces genres, ainsi que trois genres apparentés. Les liens avec les voisins et l'inférence bayésienne de la phylogénie indiquent la monophylie d'un genre Sporisorium bipartite et la monophylie d'un clade Ustilago central. Les deux méthodes confirment le changement de nomenclature récemment publié faisant passer le charbon du roseau d'Ustilago scitaminea à Sporisorium scitamineum, et indiquent un lien possible entre l'Ustilago maydis et le genre Sporisorium. Dans l'ensemble, les trois clades résolus dans ces analyses ne sont que faiblement supportés par des caractères morphologiques. Tout de même, leurs préférences comme parasites de certaines familles de Poaceae pourraient être utilisées pour corroborer les résultats obtenus : tous les membres des deux groupes de Sporisorium se retrouvent exclusivement dans la sous-famille Panicoideae. Le groupe central Ustilago infecte les sous-familles Pooideae ou Chloridoideae.

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Variation in the Smut Fungi

Cited by 36 publications

References 0 publications

Virulence of the maize smut Ustilago maydis is shaped by organ‐specific effectors

Virulence of the maize smut Ustilago maydis is shaped by organ‐specific effectors

A review of the <I>Ustilago-Sporisorium-Macalpinomyces</I> complex

Molecular phylogeny of Ustilago and Sporisorium species (Basidiomycota, Ustilaginales) based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences

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