Variation of Leptin During Menstrual Cycle and Its Relation to the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Gonadal (HPG) Axis: A Systematic Review

Salem, Ayad Mohammed

doi:10.2147/ijwh.s309299

Cited by 22 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 51 publications

(181 reference statements)

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“…This concentration difference between the three groups is due to the positive effect of high estrogen in female pregnant women compared to male pregnant women [45]. Several studies indicated the positive effect of leptin on estrogen in female pregnant women when it recorded a high level of this hormone compared to male pregnant women [46]. The positive relationship between cortisone and Testosterone was the reason for the superiority of testosterone in male pregnant women in all groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

The Role of Hormones and Toxoplasma gondii Infection to Change the Secondary Sex Ratio

Al-Ardi

2022

eijs

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The secondary sex ratio (SSR) is affected by many factors, including the concentration of hormones and infection with some pathogens such as Toxoplasma gondii. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of hormone variability concentrations and toxoplasmosis infection on the secondary sex ratio. 150 pregnant women were selected, 60 infected with late toxoplasmosis (LT), 60 infected with early toxoplasmosis (ET) and 30 seronegative to toxoplasmosis. After tracking the birth outcomes of these women, we calculated SSR in each group. During the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, TSH, T4 and T3 concentrations were measured. The results of the three groups were compared. The results showed that female births outpaced in LT group, with SSR equal to (0.9:1.45), while the number of male births was higher in ET group and seronegative groups, with SSR was (1.5:1; 1.3:1), respectively. The difference in hormones concentration was significant at P ≥ 0.05. In LT group, progesterone and estrogen increased significantly in male pregnant women than in female pregnant women. Testosterone increased significantly in male pregnant women in all study groups. TSH level was the highest among female pregnant women in the LT and seronegative groups. The superiority of male pregnant women in the concentration of T3 hormone in all groups was significant. Male pregnant women were significantly superior with T4 concentration in LT and seronegative groups. In conclusion, T. gondii has an indirect role in SSR. Important pregnancy hormones levels differ between male pregnant women and female pregnant women. In conclusion, T. gondii has an indirect role in SSR. Important pregnancy hormones levels differ between male pregnant women o and female pregnant women.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

The Role of Hormones and Toxoplasma gondii Infection to Change the Secondary Sex Ratio

Al-Ardi

2022

eijs

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“…Leptin and irisin are thought to play a role in the connection between body fat storage and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad (HPG). Leptin controls the normal physiology of the reproductive system and interacts with the HPG axis through a complex mechanism that links energy homeostasis to reproduction (16), while irisin stimulates gonadotropin gene expression in pituitary cells (57). This may indicate that the relationship between leptin, irisin, and sex hormones is governed by a complex feedback loop, rather than a simple one-way relationship.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It leads to weight loss by influencing food intake and increasing energy expenditure, and is thought to control food intake at least in part through neuropeptide Y (NPY). Leptin is not only a molecule that reflects energy storage in the body, but is also an important cytokine involved in many physiological functions, such as the inflammatory response, insulin sensitivity, bone metabolism, immunity, and, most importantly, reproductive function (16). High leptin levels are an important manifestation of obesity, and children and adolescents show increased leptin levels with increasing body fat mass (17).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Is the Relationship Between Body Mass Index, Sex Hormones, Leptin, and Irisin in Children and Adolescents? A Path Analysis

et al. 2022

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ObjectiveThe present research aimed to study the relationship between body mass index (BMI), sex hormones, leptin, and irisin in children and adolescents with different body types.MethodsIn this study, a stratified cluster random sampling method was used to select students aged 8-15 years from two 9-year schools as the research subjects. Based on a case-control study, 183 overweight/obese students were selected. After using sex and age matching to create a matched sample of normal-weighted students, a total of 366 students, including 214 boys (58.5%) and 152 girls (41.5%) were included. We measured their height and weight and calculated their body mass index BMI. Afterward, their concentrations of leptin, irisin, oestradiol (E2), and testosterone (T) in the serum were detected.ResultsThere were significant differences in T, E2, leptin, and irisin between normal-weighted boys and girls (p < 0.05). There were statistically significant differences in T, E2, and irisin between overweight/obese boys and girls (p < 0.05). Overweight/obese students had higher concentrations of irisin and leptin than normal-weight students (p < 0.05). The direct effect of BMI on irisin was not statistically significant in either normal or overweight/obese students, but their indirect effects via leptin were statistically significant (for normal-weight boys and girls, standardized indirect effect coefficient: 0.29 and 0.38, respectively; for overweight/obese boys and girls, standardized indirect effect coefficient: 0.36 and 0.34, respectively). There was a negative pathway of E2 → leptin → irisin in normal-weight boys (standardized indirect effect coefficient: −0.24) and a negative pathway of T → leptin → irisin in overweight/obese boys (standardized indirect effect coefficient: −0.27).ConclusionThe indirect effects of BMI on irisin via leptin exist in children and adolescents of different body types. E2 was negatively correlated with leptin in normal-weight boys, whereas T was negatively correlated with leptin in overweight/obese boys.

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“…The sample size was determined based on previous studies that investigated the cyclical changes of different hormones during the menstrual cycle, where the number of participants ranged from 8 to 259. 7 , 23 , 24 All participants were informed about the purpose of the study, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and an ethical approval was granted by the Institutional Review Board (2014-01-173) of IAU. Written consent was taken from all study participants.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 6 Leptin – a major adipokine that regulate the body energy store and inhibit hunger – showed fluctuation during different phases of the menstrual cycle. 7 These variations in energy intake and energy-regulating hormones correspond to changes in ovarian hormones. 8 , 9 The decrease in energy intake may be due to anorexigenic/appetite-suppressing effects of estradiol, 10 , 11 and increased energy intake might be due to orexigenic/appetite stimulatory effects of progesterone.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variations of Ghrelin and Obestatin Hormones During the Menstrual Cycle of Women of Different BMIs

Salem¹,

Latif²,

Rafique³

et al. 2022

IJWH

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Introduction The cyclical changes of hormones during the menstrual cycle are responsible not only for reproductive function but also have other effects on dietary intake and appetite. The current study aimed to investigate the variations of appetite-related hormones (ghrelin and obestatin) during the menstrual cycle and their association with adipokines, estrogen, and BMI. Methods Fifty-six regularly menstruating female students were grouped into normal weight (BMI ≤24.9; n = 26), and overweight/obese subjects (BMI ≥25; n = 30). Serum ghrelin, obestatin, leptin, adiponectin, and estrogen levels were measured during the early follicular, preovulatory, and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle using the ELISA technique. Results There were insignificant differences in the levels of serum ghrelin, obestatin, and ghrelin/obestatin ratio across menstrual cycle phases in the whole cohort as well as in each group separately (p > 0.05). Serum ghrelin was significantly less in OW-OB as compared to the NW group (p = 0.005), whereas the average serum obestatin did not show any significant differences between the two groups. No significant correlation was seen between ghrelin and obestatin with the adipokines and estradiol. Conclusion Significant low level of ghrelin was observed in obese group during the follicular phase. This finding may provide new insights into the altered ghrelin patterns in OW-OB individuals, as a cause or a consequence of obesity and related menstrual disorders.

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Variation of Leptin During Menstrual Cycle and Its Relation to the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Gonadal (HPG) Axis: A Systematic Review

Cited by 22 publications

References 51 publications

The Role of Hormones and Toxoplasma gondii Infection to Change the Secondary Sex Ratio

The Role of Hormones and Toxoplasma gondii Infection to Change the Secondary Sex Ratio

What Is the Relationship Between Body Mass Index, Sex Hormones, Leptin, and Irisin in Children and Adolescents? A Path Analysis

Variations of Ghrelin and Obestatin Hormones During the Menstrual Cycle of Women of Different BMIs

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