“…Muslims in European and American countries, for example, have to face problems such as negative media stereotypes, marriage to non-Muslims, difficulty or limited halal food, facilities for houses of worship that are far from ideal, local values that (sometimes) are not following Islamic teachings, constitutions that not fully in favor of the Islamic religion, some residents are Islamophobic and work that is contrary to religious teachings and so on (Hasirudin, 2021, p. 10). Apart from that, most Muslim minorities who were initially immigrants also had to face complex socio-political problems, starting from identity crises, discrimination, racism, and anti-migrant movements to Islamophobia (Dianto, 2020;Lukens-Bull & Woodward, 2021;Scharbrodt, 2021).…”