Variations of Phyllosphere and Rhizosphere Microbial Communities of Pinus koraiensis Infected by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Abstract

Pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, as one of the greatest threats to pine trees, is spreading all over the world. During the nematode's pathogenesis, plant microorganisms play important roles.The phyllosphere and rhizosphere bacterial and fungal communities associated with healthy P. koraiensis (PKa) and P. koraiensis infected by B. xylophilus at the early (PKb) and last (PKc) stages were analyzed. Pine wood nematode (PWD) could increase the phyllosphere and rhizosphere microbial community diversity, and slight shifts of the microbial diversity were observed at the early stage of infection. Generally speaking, an increase in microbial diversity with more serious symptomatic phase was obvious and visible. The phyllosphere and rhizosphere microbial community potentially changed caused by B. xylophilus infection of P. koraiensis. With the infection of B. xylophilus in P. koraiensis, Bradyrhizobium (rhizosphere bacteria), Massilia (phyllosphere bacteria), Phaeosphaeriaceae (rhizosphere fungi) were the major contributors to the differences in community compositions among different treatments. With the infection of PWD, most of the bacterial groups tended to be co-excluding rather than co-occurring. These changes would correlate with microbial ability to suppress plant pathogen, enhancing the understanding of disease development and providing guidelines to pave the way for its possible management.

Effects of Pine Wilt Disease on Rhizosphere Microbiota and Fine Root Fungi: Insights into Enzyme Activity, Ectomycorrhizal Infection and Microbial Composition

“…However, a notably higher richness of the rhizospheric fungal community in healthy trees was observed compared to diseased trees. These findings contrasted with previous studies by Zhang et al (2021) and Deng et al (2022). Zhang reported no significant differences in species richness of rhizosphere fungi and bacteria in P. massoniana infected with PWN in Zhejiang province, located in the south of China.…”

“…Conversely, Deng observed significantly higher diversity indices (Pielou_e, Shannon and Simpson) of rhizosphere fungi and bacteria in P. koraiensis infected with PWN in Liaoning province, situated in the north of China. The dissimilarities observed in these studies may be attributed to variations in the degree of disease infection, tree species, and geographical location [43,44]. The reduction in richness index may lead to the alteration of the community and functional structure of the host, which could affect the ecological functions, such as nutrient cycling and biological invasion control, thereby impacting the health of the host [45].…”

Metabolite-Mediated Responses of Phyllosphere Microbiota to Rust Infection in Two Malus Species

“…Co-occurrence network analysis has been widely applied to reveal complex associations within microbial communities ( 72 ). The connectivity and complexity in diseased host plants are commonly higher than those in the control ( 33 , 73 ). Our study reveals that the phyllosphere microbiota of Kelsey had more complex association patterns in the late stages than those of noninfected leaves.…”

Community composition and trophic mode diversity of fungi associated with fruiting body of medicinal Sanghuangporus vaninii

“…After purification, the PCR products of ITS1 rDNA regions were quantified using Qubit system (Invitrogen, USA). The libraries were then assessed by Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer and sequenced by high-throughput Illumina NovaSeq PE250 platform (Illumina, San Diego, CA, United States) [ 32 ]. At present, the Illumina sequencing raw data of endophytic fungi of S. vaninii fruiting body were submitted into the National Center for Biotechnology Information database (NCBI, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/ ) with the SRA accession number of PRJNA820174.…”