The Changbai Mountains comprise one of the main distribution areas of
A. victorialis
in China, and this species is endangered owing to habitat changes and overexploitation. However,
A. victorialis
germplasms have not been systematically collected and studied. The aims of this study were to obtain some detailed genetic information, analyze the genetic diversity, and further promote the protection of
A. victorialis
germplasms from the Changbai Mountains. Transcriptomic analysis was performed with six
A. victorialis
samples collected from the Changbai Mountains. At least 146,759 genes for each sample were obtained after performing
de novo
assembly of the RNA-seq data, and at least 92% of these genes were found to have only one mRNA isoform. These sequences and their functional annotations provided a large-scale genetic resource of this species. Phylogenetic analysis showed that
A. victorialis
was genetically distant from some related species, e.g.
Allium sativum
,
Allium fistulosum
, and
Allium cepa
, but genetically close to
Allium tuberosum
. The two
A. victorialis
var.
listera
samples were phylogenetically separated from the other four samples, and these two samples should be regarded as
Allium listera
. In addition, two KASP markers for discriminating the Dongfeng samples from the other four
A
.
victorialis
samples were successfully developed. This study lays the foundation for future studies on the genetic diversity and evolution of
Allium
species, as well as for the conservation of
A. victorialis
germplasms from the Changbai Mountains and other populations of this species.