Varicella Zoster Virus and Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis

Sotelo, Julio; Corona, Teresa

doi:10.1155/2011/214763

Cited by 18 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…The etiological basis of these diseases is still a matter of debate, although it has been hypothesized that, in some cases, virus infection can be one etiological trigger for, eg, MS, although this remains controversial. [50][51][52] In the developed world, these chronic neuroinflammatory or neurodegenerative diseases represent the most common form of CNS inflammatory disease and tend to disproportionally affect adults and the elderly. In contrast, acute inflammatory diseases caused by infectious agents, that predominantly affect the young, are far more common in the developing world.…”

Section: Etiology Of Neuroinflammatory and Neurodegenerative Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role of CXCL10 in central nervous system inflammation

Michlmayr¹,

McKimmie²

2014

IJICMR

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The central nervous system (CNS) is a highly complex tissue that is vital for a large number of life-dependent processes. The neurons of the CNS are post-mitotic and cannot be easily replaced or repaired if lost or damaged. The hallmark of neuroinflammation is an influx of leukocytes through the blood-brain barrier or blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Depending on the disease, the presence of leukocytes can have beneficial or detrimental effects on disease outcome. Importantly, the entry of leukocytes into the CNS is primarily controlled by chemokines, a large family of chemotactic cytokines that coordinate the movement of leukocytes into and within tissues. Expression of inflammatory chemokines is almost absent in the resting CNS, but can be highly upregulated during inflammation. This includes CXCL10, a chemokine that has critical roles in controlling the entry of several important leukocyte subsets into the brain and other tissues. CXCL10 is expressed by neurons, glia, and stromal cells in a number of different CNS diseases and can have either a protective or a detrimental role in facilitating disease progression or resolution. CXCL10 together with CXCL9 and CXCL11 binds to CXCR3, which is predominantly expressed on activated T-cells and natural killer cells. Due to the ability of CXCL10 to mediate leukocyte influx in a variety of inflammatory CNS diseases, research has focused on identifying drugs that block the function of CXCL10 or CXCR3. Many of these drugs are under investigation and are discussed here in detail. In this paper, we review the function of CXCL10 during nervous system inflammation and highlight the latest developments that suggest its involvement in a number of key diseases, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and viral encephalitis.

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Section: Etiology Of Neuroinflammatory and Neurodegenerative Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…110 Together, these studies suggest that CXCL9 and CXCL10 can have either synergistic or opposing functions when competing for CXCR3, depending on the context of infection. 50…”

Section: Herpes Virus Infection Of the Cnsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of CXCL10 in central nervous system inflammation

Michlmayr¹,

McKimmie²

2014

IJICMR

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“…In addition, several human pathogenic viruses have been implicated as potential candidates in the pathogenesis of MS. Some studies have indicated that, according to the clinical presentations and the histopathological properties of MS lesions, a viral infection could be responsible for MS ( 2 , 3 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The High Prevalence of the Varicella Zoster Virus in Patients With Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: A Case-Control Study in the North of Iran

Najafi

Ghane

Yousefzadeh-Chabok

et al. 2016

Jundishapur J Microbiol

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BackgroundMultiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common neurological autoimmune disease, characterized by multifocal areas of inflammatory demyelination within the central nervous system. It has been hypothesized that the stimulation of the immune system by viral infections is the leading cause of MS among susceptible individuals.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of the varicella zoster virus (VZV) in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.Patients and MethodsPlasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected from MS patients (n = 82) and controls (n = 89) were screened for the presence of anti-VZV antibodies and VZV DNA by the ELISA and PCR methods. DNA was extracted from all samples, and VZV infection was examined by the PCR technique. Statistical analysis was used to investigate the frequency of the virus in MS patients and a healthy control group.ResultsOf all the MS patients, 78 (95.1%) and 21 (25.6%) were positive for anti-VZV and VZV DNA, respectively. Statistical analysis of the PCR results showed a significant correlation between the abundance of VZV and MS disease (P < 0.001). However, there was no significant correlation between the abundance of anti-VZV antibodies and MS disease by the ELISA method.ConclusionsThese results support the hypothesis that VZV may contribute to MS in establishing a systemic infection process and inducing an immune response.

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“…Other factors that may produce molecular genetic changes that have been studied are associated with the Epstein–Barr virus and the varicella zoster virus (VZV); for example, in Mexico VZV was the most frequent virus to be identified in relapses of MS patients, 22 – 24 as well as hormones, ultraviolet radiation, 25 levels of vitamin D serum, smoking and exposure to metals, among others.…”

Section: Epigenetics and Ms In Latammentioning

confidence: 99%

The genetics of multiple sclerosis in Latin America

Rivas‐Alonso

Flores‐Rivera

García

et al. 2017

Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental, Translational and Cl

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BackgroundIn today’s globalised world, the heterogeneity of diseases such as multiple sclerosis has been studied since it has been suggested that ethnic differences, in conjunction with geographical and environmental factors, influence its incidence and prevalence.AimBased on this, an attempt has been made to identify the genetic factors that may confer risk or protection, not only for developing multiple sclerosis but also for determining the course of its evolution.ResultsIn Latin America we have some data about this, which have been replicated in different populations in the entire region, with very different results compared with other regions, which could explain not only the different frequencies in some populations, such as Caucasians, but also the course of the disease and the response to actual treatments. However, in addition to these findings, other associated epigenetic mechanisms have also been found in our populations, such as levels of vitamin D, parasitic diseases, and indigenous populations. Therefore, the study of epigenetics plays a crucial role in understanding the physiopathology of multiple sclerosis. It must be studied in each population, especially in Latin America, due to its broad heterogeneity.ConclusionIt is very important to understand not only the genetic and external factors with these very specific effects in multiple sclerosis patients, but also the way they interact and are able to explain the frequency and some specific phenotypes of the disease in our populations besides the posibility to be a very specific treatment target.

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Varicella Zoster Virus and Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis

Cited by 18 publications

References 54 publications

Role of CXCL10 in central nervous system inflammation

Role of CXCL10 in central nervous system inflammation

The High Prevalence of the Varicella Zoster Virus in Patients With Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: A Case-Control Study in the North of Iran

The genetics of multiple sclerosis in Latin America

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