Varietal differences of quinoa’s tolerance to saline conditions

Adolf, Verena Isabelle; Shabala, Sergey; Andersen, Mathias Neumann; Razzaghi, Fatemeh; Jacobsen, Sven‐Erik

doi:10.1007/s11104-012-1133-7

Cited by 183 publications

(187 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…It was presumably first domesticated more than 7,000 years ago by pre-Columbian cultures and was known as the 'mother grain' of the Incan Empire 1 . Quinoa has adapted to the high plains of the Andean Altiplano (> 3,500 m above sea level), where it has developed tolerance to several abiotic stresses [2][3][4] . Quinoa has gained international attention because of the nutritional value of its seeds, which are gluten-free, have a low glycaemic index 5 , and contain an excellent balance of essential amino acids, fibre, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals 6 .…”

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confidence: 99%

The genome of Chenopodium quinoa

Jarvis

Lightfoot

et al. 2017

Nature

601

706

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Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd., 2n = 4x = 36) is a highly nutritious crop that is adapted to thrive in a wide range of agroecosystems. It was presumably first domesticated more than 7,000 years ago by pre-Columbian cultures and was known as the 'mother grain' of the Incan Empire 1 . Quinoa has adapted to the high plains of the Andean Altiplano (> 3,500 m above sea level), where it has developed tolerance to several abiotic stresses [2][3][4] . Quinoa has gained international attention because of the nutritional value of its seeds, which are gluten-free, have a low glycaemic index 5 , and contain an excellent balance of essential amino acids, fibre, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals 6 . Quinoa has the potential to provide a highly nutritious food source that can be grown on marginal lands not currently suitable for other major crops. This potential was recognized when the United Nations declared 2013 as the International Year of Quinoa, this being one of only three times a plant has received such a designation.Despite its agronomic potential, quinoa is still an underutilized crop 7 , with relatively few active breeding programs 8 . Breeding efforts to improve the crop for important agronomic traits are needed to expand quinoa production worldwide. To accelerate the improvement of quinoa, we present here the allotetraploid quinoa genome. We demonstrate the utility of the genome sequence by identifying a gene that probably regulates the presence of seed triterpenoid saponin content. Moreover, we sequenced the genomes of additional diploid and tetraploid Chenopodium species to characterize genetic diversity within the primary germplasm pool for quinoa and to understand sub-genome evolution in quinoa. Together, these resources provide the foundation for accelerating the genetic improvement of the crop, with the objective of enhancing global food security for a growing world population. Sequencing, assembly and annotationWe sequenced and assembled the genome of the coastal Chilean quinoa accession PI 614886 (BioSample accession code SAMN04338310) using single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing technology from Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) and optical and chromosome-contact maps from BioNano Genomics 9 and Dovetail Genomics 10 . The assembly contains 3,486 scaffolds, with a scaffold N50 of 3.84 Mb and 90% of the assembled genome contained in 439 scaffolds (Table 1). The total assembly size of 1.39 gigabases (Gb) is similar to the reported size estimates of the quinoa genome (1.45-1.50 Gb (refs 11,12)). To combine scaffolds into pseudomolecules, an existing linkage map from quinoa 13 was integrated with two new linkage maps. The resulting map (Extended Data Fig. 1) of 6,403 unique markers spans a total length of 2,034 centimorgans (cM) and consists of 18 linkage groups (Supplementary Table 7), corresponding to the haploid chromosome number of quinoa. Pseudomolecules (hereafter referred to as chromosomes, which are numbered according to a previously published single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) linkage ...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

The genome of Chenopodium quinoa

Jarvis

Lightfoot

et al. 2017

Nature

601

706

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“…However, the limit of salinity tolerance of quinoa is varied between ecotypes and cultivars (Adolf et al, 2012;Bonales-Alatorre et al, 2013). In general, varieties originating from salt affected area are more adapted to saline condition than those from non-saline area .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chenopodium quinoa Willd. A new cash crop halophyte for saline regions of Egypt

Eisa¹,

Eid²,

El-Samad³

et al. 2017

Aust J Crop Sci

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A prerequisite for sustainable saline agriculture of cash crop halophytes in salt affected areas implies exact knowledge of their limits of salinity resistance. Hence, the first part of this study was carried out in pot experiment under greenhouse conditions to evaluate growth and seed yield of C. quinoa Willd. cv. Hualhuas to varying water salinity levels (0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mM NaCl). The limit of salinity resistance was estimated at 200 mM NaCl (~20 dSm -1 ) based on seed yield production. Depending on the results obtained from pot experiment, field trials were conducted in saline soil location (ECe 17.9 dSm -1 ) and in non-saline soil location (ECe 1.9 dSm -1 ). Seed yield significantly decreased under saline soil by about 61.7% . Beside quantity, soil salinity led to reduce the percentage of moisture, total carbohydrate and total fat contents in seeds. Salinity did not significantly alter the protein content in quinoa seeds. Significant increases in the content of ash and fiber were detected in response to high soil salinity. The high er ash content in seeds under saline conditions was due to the increase of Na + as well as K + , P 3-and Fe ++ concentrations. By contrast, soil salinity led to significant decrease of Ca ++ and Zn ++ contents in seed. Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis showed that most of Na + in the seeds produced at saline soil was mainly accumulated in the pericarp followed by embryo tissues, while, the interior reserving tissue (perisperm) exhibiting comparatively low concentration. Increasing most of essential minerals, especially Fe, in quino a seeds produced under high saline conditions given quinoa a distinctive value for human consumption. Quinoa can be grown and yielded successfully in salt-affected soils (ECe 17.9 dSm -1 ), where, most if not all of traditional crops cannot grow, although the yield was reduced however, the seed quality was not highly affected.

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“…Plant growth and CO2 exchange rate may be reduced by several factors but salinity induced ion exchange is debatably most important among these factors (Adolf et al, 2012). Competition is found between K + and Na + due to similarities in their physiochemical properties and sodium is known to compete with potassium for most of the binding sites (Kronzucker, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Salinity caused a decrease in transpiration and thus gas exchange in quinoa (Sanchez et al, 2003). It has been reported that quinoa reduces stomatal density and cuticular pores under salinity (Razzaghi et al, 2011), which may adjust water use efficiency in these conditions (Orsini et al, 2011;Shabala et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Potential of Quinoa Accessions for Salt Tolerance in Soilless Culture

Saleem¹,

Basra²,

Afzal³

et al. 2017

IJAB

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Pakistan has more than 6 million hectares of salt affected land and quinoa is tested as a facultative halophyte having super food characteristics. A hydroponic study was conducted to explore salt tolerance of two quinoa accessions, Ames-13737 (Q7) and PI-634919 (Q9) under a range of NaCl levels (0, 100, 200 and 300 mM) in wirehouse during 2016. Plant nursery was raised, and at four leaf stage, the seedlings were transferred to plastic tubs containing 20 L half strength Hoagland's solution as nutrient source. Salinity was developed incrementally to avoid osmotic shock after two days of transplanting. Results showed that growth (shoot length, root length and dry weight/plant) reduced drastically in Q9 by increasing the salinity level as compared to Q7. However, a comparable growth was observed in Q-7 at 0 and 100 mM i.e. the dry weight at 0 and 100 mM salinity were 0.8643 g and 0.8125 g, respectively. Furthermore, genotype Q7 was found better than Q9 by producing 10% more dry weight (0.2790 g) at the highest salinity level which was linked to 57% more leaf K + accumulation (28.64 mg K + g -1 dry weight) as compared to Q9 (12.54 mg K + g -1 dry weight). It is concluded that tolerance of Q7 to salt stress might be due to more absorption of K + by the roots at increased Na + level.

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Varietal differences of quinoa’s tolerance to saline conditions

Cited by 183 publications

References 53 publications

The genome of Chenopodium quinoa

The genome of Chenopodium quinoa

Chenopodium quinoa Willd. A new cash crop halophyte for saline regions of Egypt

Exploring the Potential of Quinoa Accessions for Salt Tolerance in Soilless Culture

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