Abstract:This is an open access article under the terms of the Creat ive Commo ns Attri butio n-NonCo mmerc ial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
“…The influential authors with high citation numbers indicate that they have a significant impact on the academic research field, calculated based on the amount at which their relevant peers cite their scholarly article [ 73 ]. Nowadays, authors as professional researchers, particularly in aquaculture sciences, perform their scientific work in a complex dimension that includes contacting various research sponsors, collaborators, publishers, institutions, industries, and other colleagues, as well as registering and commercializing their patents, copyrights, inventions, and innovations [ [74] , [75] , [76] , [77] ]. Fig.…”
“…The influential authors with high citation numbers indicate that they have a significant impact on the academic research field, calculated based on the amount at which their relevant peers cite their scholarly article [ 73 ]. Nowadays, authors as professional researchers, particularly in aquaculture sciences, perform their scientific work in a complex dimension that includes contacting various research sponsors, collaborators, publishers, institutions, industries, and other colleagues, as well as registering and commercializing their patents, copyrights, inventions, and innovations [ [74] , [75] , [76] , [77] ]. Fig.…”
“…States have likewise initiated an increasing number of competitive processes for allocating research funding at the national and supranational levels (Aagaard et al, 2020;Auranen & Nieminen, 2010;Gläser & Laudel, 2016). These developments have spurred a trend toward large-scale research projects that are often multi-or interdisciplinary, involve multiple institutions, and are internationally cooperative (Bozemann & Youtie, 2020;Kosmützky & Wöhlert, 2021;Olechnicka et al, 2019). It should be noted here that political agendas can be quite visible in states' funding schemes for research on grand challenges (Kaldewey, 2018).…”
Section: Competition and Cooperation: Classical Accounts And Recent C...mentioning
Traditional studies in the sociology of science have highlighted the self-organized character of the academic community. This article focuses on recent interrelated changes that alter that distinctive governance structure and its related patterns of competition and cooperation. The changes that we identify here are contractualization and large-scale cooperative research. We use different data sources to exemplify these new patterns and discuss the illustrative role of research clusters in German academia. Research clusters as funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) are both a highly prestigious scarce good in the competition for reputation and resources and a means of fostering cooperation. Our analysis of this German example reveals that this new institutional configuration of universities as organizations, academic researchers, and the state has a profound effect on organizational practices. We discuss the implications of our empirical findings with regard to collegiality in academia. Ultimately, we anticipate a further weakening of collegial bonds, not only because universities and the state have become more active in shaping the nature of academic competition and cooperation but also because of the increasing strategic and individualistic orientation of academic researchers. In the final section, we summarize our findings and address the need for further research and an international comparative perspective.
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