Various Aspects, Patterns and Risk Factors in Breast Cancer Patients of Balochistan

Baloch, Abdul Hameed; Shuja, Jameela; Daud, Shakeela; Ahmed, Muneer; Ahmad, Adeel; Tareen, Mehrullah; Khan, Farah; Kakar, Muhammad Azam; Baloch, Dost Muhammad; Kakar, Naseebullah; Naseeb, Hafiz Khush; Ahmad, Jamil

doi:10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.8.4013

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…For developing breast cancer female gender is the key risk factor .Female hormone estrogen and progesterone are somewhat responsible for increased exposure of women to breast cancer due to their growth promoting effects (Fregene and Newman, 2005) Older women exhibit more risk of developing breast cancer but in our study most of the women were among 40-60 years age group with Zahid Ali Memon et al mean age of presentation was 47.8±12.4 years which is comparable with the finding of a local study (Mamoon, Sharif, Mushtaq, Khadim, and Jamal, 2009)and mostly were post menopausal at the time of diagnose (59%) consistent with the outcome of a non local study (Guvenc, Guvenc, Tastan, and Akyuz, 2012).Younger age at disease presentation in Pakistan in contrast with western world requires prompt actions in the field of screening and early diagnosis to reduce disease incidence and increase opportunityof timely treatment. Lump in the breast was the chief presenting complaint of all the women in this study as reported in various studies (Bhoo Pathy et al, 2011;Lee et al, 2012;McCormack and dos Santos Silva, 2006).Upper outer quadrant was the major site involved of either side (n=44) .Among patients 55.2% (n=58) had right sided lump and 44.8% (n=47) had left sided which is nearly similar with the results of study conducted in Warangal (Surakasula, Nagarjunapu, and Raghavaiah, 2014) while in a regional study left side breast affected more ( 52.2%) than right side (44.8%) and 2.90% females had bilateral breast cancer (Baloch et al, 2012). This signifies the importance of self breast examination among general population so that people having lump in breast seek immediate medical advice.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Clinical Presentation and Frequency of Risk Factors in Patients with Breast Carcinoma in Pakistan

Memon

Qurrat-ul-Ain²,

Khan³

et al. 2015

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

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Background: Breast cancer is known to be one of the most prevalent cancers among women in both developing and developed countries .The incidence of breast cancer in Pakistan has increased dramatically within the last few years and is the second country after Israel in Asia to have highest proportional cases of breast cancer. However, there are limited data for breast cancer available in the literature from Pakistan. Objectives: The study was conducted to bring to light the common clinical presentation of breast cancer and to evaluate the frequency of established risk factors in breast carcinoma patients and furthermore to compare the findings between premenopausal and postmenopausal women in Pakistan. Materials and Methods: A 6 months (from July 2012 to Dec 2012) cross sectional survey was conducted in Surgical and Oncology Units of Civil Hospital, Karachi. Data were collected though a well developed questionnaire from 105 female patients diagnosed with carcinoma of breast and analyzed using SPSS version 17. Institutional ethical approval was obtained prior to data collection. Results: Out of 105 patients, 43 were premenopausal and 62 were postmenopausal, 99 being married. Mean age at diagnosis was 47.8±12.4 years. A painless lump was the most frequent symptom, notived by 77.1%(n=81). Some 55.2% (n=58) patients had a lump in the right breast and 44.8%(n=47) in the left breast.In the majority of cases, the lump was present in upper outer quadrant 41.9% (n=44). Mean period of delay from appearance of symptoms to consulting a doctor was 5.13±4.8 months, from the shortest 1 month to the longest 36 months. Long delay (> 3 months) was the most frequent figure 41.9%. Considering overall risk factors most frequent were first pregnancy after 20 years of age (41%), physical breast trauma (28.6%), lack of breast feeding(21.9%), and early menarche <11 years (19%), followed by null parity (16.2%), consumption of high fat diet (15.2%), family history of breast cancer or any other cancer in first degree relatives (9.5% and 13.3%, respectively). Some of the less common factors were late menopause >54 years (8.6%), use of oral contraceptive pills (10.5%), use of hormone replacement therapy (4.7%),smoking (4.7%) and radiation (0.96%). Significant differences (p<0.005) were observed between pre and post menopausal women regarding history of physical breast trauma, practice of breast feeding and parity. Conclusions: A painless lump was the most frequent clinical presentation noted. Overall age at first child > 20 years, physical breast trauma, lack of breast feeding ,early menarche <11 were the most frequent risk factors. Physical breast trauma, lower parity, a trend for less breast feeding had more significant associations with pre-menopausal than post-menopausal onset. Increase opportunity of disease prevention can be obtained through better understanding of clinical presentation and risk factors important in the etiology of breast cancer.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Clinical Presentation and Frequency of Risk Factors in Patients with Breast Carcinoma in Pakistan

Memon

Qurrat-ul-Ain²,

Khan³

et al. 2015

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

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“…The lack of a national cancer registry in Pakistan is the main reason of low quality incidence, mortality and prevalence data for the country. According to facility- based studies and projections, the number of new cases is estimated between 34,038 and 90,000 cases and mortality around 16,232 deaths in 2017 8,19…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>Identifying the reasons for delayed presentation of Pakistani breast cancer patients at a tertiary care hospital</p>

Gulzar¹,

Akhtar²,

Sadiq³

et al. 2019

CMAR

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BackgroundDelay in seeking health care by breast cancer patients is associated with advanced stage of disease at presentation and poor survival rates. This study aimed to identify the reasons for delayed presentation and their association with various sociodemographic variables.MethodsA total of 200 female patients with abnormal clinical findings, ie, lump or palpable mass, were consecutively invited for this study. Diagnostic delay was defined as a consultation with a health care provider more than 3 months from the appearance of the first symptoms. Sociodemographic variables, presenting symptoms, knowledge about diseases and its symptoms, time between seeking medical attention after appearance of symptoms and causes of delayed presentation were investigated. Chi-squared and logistic regression tests for significance and associations were used.ResultsAmong 125 women with breast cancer fulfilling the inclusion criteria, aged 24–75 years, 88.8% (n=111) presented late (≥3 months) and 59% presented with advanced stage of disease (stage III/IV). The majority (65.6%) were older than 40 years of age, 99.2% were married, 60.8% had <8 years of education, 67.2% had poor social status, and 64.8% had a negative family history of any cancer type. Almost all patients (96%) complained about the presence of a painless lump in their breast. Ignorance of disease or the presence of painless lumps in the breast and low financial resources for therapy (81.1%) were the main variables associated with delayed presentation. Educational factors (P<0.001, OR 4.682) and social status (P<0.001, OR 1.8) were also associated with delayed presentation.ConclusionOur study highlighted the variables associated with delayed presentation in Pakistani breast cancer patients. A significant number of patients presented late owing to misconceptions and poor knowledge about the disease and its symptoms, while illiteracy and poor social status were the major contributing factors for delayed presentation, resulting in an advanced presentation of disease and ultimately a decreased survival rate.

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“…With 2.3 million women diagnosed, and 685,000 worldwide deaths in the year 2020 alone, breast cancer continues to retain its place as the most prevalent cancer in the world ( Breast Cancer, 2021 ). The incidence of breast cancer in Pakistani women is increasing at an alarming rate of 19.33% every year, owing to the fact that one in every nine woman suffers from it ( Baloch et al, 2012 ). Due to this, the ratio of breast cancer in Pakistani women is the most in the whole of Asia ( Baloch et al, 2012 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The incidence of breast cancer in Pakistani women is increasing at an alarming rate of 19.33% every year, owing to the fact that one in every nine woman suffers from it ( Baloch et al, 2012 ). Due to this, the ratio of breast cancer in Pakistani women is the most in the whole of Asia ( Baloch et al, 2012 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interrelated Oncogenic Viruses and Breast Cancer

Afzal

Fiaz

Noor

et al. 2022

Front. Mol. Biosci.

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Breast Cancer is a multifactorial disease and recent evidence that viruses have a greater role in its aetiology and pathophysiology than previously hypothesized, has garnered a lot of attention in the past couple of years. After the role of Mouse Mammary Tumour Virus (MMTV) in the oncogenesis of breast cancer has been proved in mice, search for similar viruses found quite a plausible relation of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), and Bovine Leukaemia Virus (BLV) with breast cancer. However, despite practical efforts to provide some clarity in this issue, the evidence that viruses cause breast cancer still remains inconclusive. Therefore, this article aims to clarify some ambiguity and elucidate the correlation of breast cancer and those particular viruses which are found to bring about the development of tumorigenesis by a previous infection or by their own oncogenic ability to manipulate the molecular mechanisms and bypass the immune system of the human body. Although many studies have reported, both, the individual and co-existing presence of HPV, EBV, MMTV, and BLV in patient sample tissues, particularly in Western women, and proposed oncogenic mechanisms, majority of the collective survey of literature fails to provide a delineated and strong conclusive evidence that viruses do, in fact, cause breast cancer. Measures to prevent these viral infections may curb breast cancer cases, especially in the West. More studies are needed to provide a definite conclusion.

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Various Aspects, Patterns and Risk Factors in Breast Cancer Patients of Balochistan

Cited by 11 publications

References 21 publications

Clinical Presentation and Frequency of Risk Factors in Patients with Breast Carcinoma in Pakistan

Clinical Presentation and Frequency of Risk Factors in Patients with Breast Carcinoma in Pakistan

<p>Identifying the reasons for delayed presentation of Pakistani breast cancer patients at a tertiary care hospital</p>

Interrelated Oncogenic Viruses and Breast Cancer

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