“…Processes of transnationalization were analyzed in the political, economic, sociocultural, and educational spheres (Pitkänen, Içduygu, & Sert, 2012). The focus of the German survey was to investigate the transnational practices of migrants from Turkey and their descendants (Gerdes, Reisenauer, & Sert, 2012). Seventy-three qualitative interviews were conducted with former "guest workers," marriage migrants, family-based migrants, German-born children of Turkish migrants, asylum seekers, international students, and high-skilled labor migrants.…”