Vascular Basis of the Facial Artery Perforator Flap

Ru, Wang; Cen, Yin

doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e318267d6ee

Cited by 56 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 5 publications

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“…After Hofer et al's first description of facial artery perforator flaps, 1 many groups have started using the technique or studying the anatomy of facial artery perforators 2,[5][6][7][8][9]13,15,26,27 with various modifications. The possibility of harvesting a customized flap based on a known pedicle, possibly innervated as well 3 is an evolution in facial reconstructive surgery.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconstruction of Nasal Alar Defects with Freestyle Facial Artery Perforator Flaps

et al. 2014

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Facial artery perforator flaps were first introduced by Hofer et al 1 in 2005 for reconstruction of perioral defects. 2 Hofer et al introduced the fascinating concept of perforator flaps in the face. We have then described the freestyle facial artery perforator flap for one-stage reconstruction of the nasal ala, 3 expanding the potential of these flaps and introducing the concept of one-stage nose reconstruction that we have later applied to the forehead flap too. 4 These flaps have prompted a great interest for the anatomy of the facial artery perforators 5,6 and for the applications of facial artery perforator flaps, which seem to have gained their place in face reconstruction. 2,5,[7][8][9] In this article, we report our long-term experience to provide an update after the first published article. Many times some techniques are lost to follow-up, while it is very useful to know if the authors have improved themand how-or abandoned them-and why. Facial Artery AnatomyAlthough the exact position of a single perforator varies and requires accurate preoperative and intraoperative identification, perforator anatomy is still predictable and constant: the source arteries give their perforators to the skin in fixed areas of the body. A fixed area is a region where anatomical planes are firmly attached and do not glide, or glide less. This allows for vessel protection from shearing and for shorter and more direct course to the skin. 10 The facial artery sticks to this rule. It constantly gives off several perforators to the skin at the level of the nasolabial sulcus, a fixed area in the face.An average of 5.05 AE 0.86 facial artery perforators of more than 0.5 mm can be found above the mandible. The average diameter of these perforators at their origin from the facial artery is 0.96 AE 0.21 mm. Based on injection studies the territory that these perforators can supply has an average AbstractIn 2009, we have described the use of freestyle facial artery perforator flaps for onestage nose reconstruction. Since then, several articles have reported the use of facial artery perforator flaps for nose reconstruction. The purpose of this article is to provide an update of the published technique after 10 years of experience. Since 2004, 21 patients have been treated with a freestyle facial artery perforator flap for one-stage reconstruction of the nasal ala. The flaps were 16 propellers, 4 V-Y, and 1 island transposition. A single venous congestion leading to a minor flap tip necrosis and a wound dehiscence was observed. All other flaps healed uneventfully. The V-Y design and multiple subunit reconstruction gave suboptimal results. It was concluded that indications for freestyle facial artery perforator flaps are total nasal alar subunit reconstruction or reconstruction of lateral alar defects when perforator anatomy allows. In these cases, freestyle facial artery perforator flaps are the first choice technique at our institution because they allow excellent results in one-stage operation. One-stage nasal ala reconstruction with...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconstruction of Nasal Alar Defects with Freestyle Facial Artery Perforator Flaps

et al. 2014

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Local Flaps: Cheek and Lip Reconstruction

Pepper

Baker

2013

JAMA Facial Plast Surg

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Termination points of the facial artery—A meta‐analysis

et al. 2021

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The facial artery (FA) is the main artery supplying the anterior face, making this artery a very important structure to consider while performing plastic and reconstructive procedures. The literature shows discrepancies in anatomical classifications and the frequency of occurrence of individual variations. Therefore, the goal of this meta‐analysis is to provide surgeons with helpful knowledge about the variety of the termination of FA. Articles with data about the termination of the FA were found in major online medical databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web Of Science, and Cochrane Library. A total of 1346 articles were initially evaluated by two independent reviewers. Out of those, 24 articles matched the required criteria, and were used in this meta‐analysis. A total of 2119 studied FAs were included in this study. The FA termination patterns were divided into five previously classified types. The data show that the FA terminates most frequently as the lateral nasal or angular artery with the prevalence for this group being 69.81% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 59.83%–78.94%). Authors believe that this is the most accurate and up to date study regarding termination patterns and the prevalence of the FA. The results of this meta‐analysis could provide a helpful tool for surgeons preforming plastic and cosmetic procedures, especially when injecting dermal fillers or choosing and preforming facial flaps. Detailed anatomical knowledge about the FA may prevent potential surgical complications.

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Vascular Basis of the Facial Artery Perforator Flap

Cited by 56 publications

References 5 publications

Reconstruction of Nasal Alar Defects with Freestyle Facial Artery Perforator Flaps

Reconstruction of Nasal Alar Defects with Freestyle Facial Artery Perforator Flaps

Local Flaps: Cheek and Lip Reconstruction

Termination points of the facial artery—A meta‐analysis

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