A molecular epidemiological survey was conducted to investigate the presence of pathogenic Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) species in the forest areas of Zhejiang province, south-east China. A total of 182 ticks of 6 species and 200 rodents of 8 species were collected and individually examined for the presence of B. burgdorferi s.l. DNA by nested PCR targeting the 5S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer. Forty-one ticks of four species, Haemaphysalis concinna, Haemaphysalis longicornis, Rhipicephalus microplus and Haemaphysalis warburconi, were infected with B. burgdorferi s.l., with an overall infection rate of 23 %. Sixteen rodents of four species, Nivivener confucianus, Nivivener coxingi, Apodemus sylvaticus and Rattus losea, were positive for B. burgdorferi s.l., with an overall prevalence of 8 %. MseI RFLP analysis and sequence analysis of the positive PCR products showed that Borrelia spirochaetes in specimens consisted of Borrelia garinii, Borrelia afzelii and Borrelia valaisiana-related group. Forty (98 %) of the B. burgdorferi s.l.-positive ticks were infected with B. garinii and one (2 %) was infected with B. afzelii. Twelve (75 %) of the positive rodents were infected with B. garinii and four (25 %) were infected with the Borrelia spirochaete belonging to B. valaisiana-related group.
INTRODUCTIONLyme disease (LD) is a multi-organ infection caused by certain spirochaetes in the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) species complex (Steere et al., 1983;Hengge et al., 2003). The complex is considered to comprise at least 12 different genospecies to date (Masuzawa et al., 2001;Richter et al., 2006;Wang et al., 1999). Among them, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.), Borrelia garinii and Borrelia afzelii are the major aetological agents of human LD (Baranton et al., 1992;Wang et al., 1999). In addition, Borrelia bissettii (Picken et al., 1996), Borrelia valaisiana (Rijpkema et al., 1997), Borrelia lusitaniae (Collares-Pereira et al., 2004) and Borrelia spielmanii (Foldvari et al., 2005) are considered to be potentially pathogenic to humans. B. burgdorferi s.l. is mainly maintained in natural foci through the transmission cycles of competent tick vectors and vertebrate reservoirs Burgdorfer et al., 1991;Hengge et al., 2003). Humans accidentally enter this cycle and represent dead-end hosts for the agent (Hengge et al., 2003).LD was first documented in north-east China in 1986 (Ai et al., 1987). One typical case of human lyme borreliosis was reported in Zhejiang province of south-east China (Cheng et al., 1992), where a good many of the popular tourist destinations and the well-known tea gardens are located. Antibody to B. burgdorferi s.l. was also detected in serum samples from some residents living in the forest areas of this province (Zhang et al., 1997(Zhang et al., , 2001). However, only Borrelia sincica and B. valaisiana-related strains, which are not known to be pathogenic to humans, have been isolated in this area to date (Masuzawa et al., 2001). Furthermore, no information is available concerni...