“…This phenomenon was studied in countries such as France (Dablanc et al, 2017;Aguilera et al, 2018), England (Allen et al, 2021), China (Nordzi et al, 2018;Tong et al, 2020), and Brazil (Abilio et al, 2021;Abilio et al, 2021;Mello et al, 2022). However, most of the literature focuses on the operational processes of ondemand delivery services, analyzing route optimization based on customer satisfaction (Zhang et al, 2020), simulations for scheduling instant deliveries (Huang et al, 2020), evaluating the operational performance of meal deliveries and their impacts on transport and the environment (Allen et al, 2021), proposing an application of on-demand runner booking services (Nordzi et al, 2018), evaluating the dynamics of the pricing of on-demand food delivery apps (Tong et al, 2020), the commission fee of ondemand services (Li and Wang, 2021), and analyzing the optimal pricing decision and the impacts brought by customers' risk attitudes on the platform's profit (Choi et al, 2020). Moreover, some scholars have analyzed the working conditions of couriers (Abilio et al, 2021;Abilio et al, 2021) and the relationship between the delivery fee and the remuneration of couriers (Mello et al, 2022).…”