Venous blood gas and metabolite response to low-intensity muscle contractions with external limb compression

Yasuda, Tomohiro; Abe, Takashi; Brechue, William F.; Iida, Hidehiro; Takano, Haruhito; Meguro, Kentaro; Kurano, Miwa; Fujita, Satoshi; Nakajima, Toshiaki

doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2010.01.016

Cited by 146 publications

(139 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…If BFR is applied appropriately, venous outflow will be occluded, and the clearance of metabolites between sets will be drastically diminished. Although this accumulation of metabolites will no doubt affect performance in subsequent sets, it is likely to be a predominant mechanism underpinning adaptation to BFR exercise [81]. Furthermore, venous pooling between sets will increase cellular swelling, which is also considered to have an important role in the hypertrophic response [25,82].…”

Section: Inter-set Rest Periodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction: An Updated Evidence-Based Approach for Enhanced Muscular Development

Scott¹,

Loenneke

Slattery³

et al. 2014

Sports Med

268

293

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Key Points• The blood flow restriction (BFR) stimulus should be individualized for each participant. In particular, consideration should be given to the restrictive pressure applied and cuff width used.• BFR elicits the largest increases in muscular development when combined with low-load resistance exercise, though some benefits may be seen using BFR alone during immobilization or combined with low-workload cardiovascular exercise.• For healthy individuals, training adaptations are likely maximized by combining low-load BFR resistance exercise with traditional high-load resistance exercise. 2 AbstractA growing body of evidence supports the use of moderate blood flow restriction (BFR) combined with low-load resistance exercise to enhance hypertrophic and strength responses in skeletal muscle. Research also suggests that BFR during lowworkload aerobic exercise can result in small but significant morphological and strength gains, and BFR alone may attenuate atrophy during periods of unloading.While BFR appears to be beneficial for both clinical and athletic cohorts, there is currently no common consensus amongst scientists and practitioners regarding the best practice for implementing BFR methods. If BFR is not employed appropriately, there is a risk of injury to the participant. It is also important to understand how variations in the cuff application can affect the physiological responses and subsequent adaptation to BFR training. The optimal way to manipulate acute exercise variables, such as exercise type, load, volume, inter-set rest periods and training frequency, must also be considered prior to designing a BFR training program. The purpose of this review is to provide an evidence-based approach to implementing BFR exercise. These guidelines could be useful for practitioners using BFR training in either clinical or athletic settings, or for researchers in the design of future studies investigating BFR exercise.3

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Section: Inter-set Rest Periodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction: An Updated Evidence-Based Approach for Enhanced Muscular Development

Scott¹,

Loenneke

Slattery³

et al. 2014

Sports Med

268

293

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The size principle suggests that type I fibres are recruited first, with type II fibres being recruited with increasing exercise intensities [105]. Given that the hypoxic condition and metabolite accumulation which occur during BFR exercise can stimulate group III and IV afferents [106][107][108], mechanistically speaking, a reflexive net inhibitory effect on the α-motor neuron may result [109], facilitating increased fibre recruitment to maintain force and protect against conduction failure [106,107]. Therefore, the potential for hypertrophic and strength gains may be augmented by BFR, even at very low training intensities, due to the increased recruitment of type II motor units.…”

Section: Muscle Fibre Recruitmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypoxia and Resistance Exercise: A Comparison of Localized and Systemic Methods

et al. 2014

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It is generally believed that optimal hypertrophic and strength gains are induced through moderate-or high-intensity resistance training, equivalent at least 60% of an individual's 1-repetition maximum (1RM). However, recent evidence suggests that similar adaptations are facilitated when low-intensity resistance exercise (~20-50% 1RM) is combined with blood flow restriction (BFR) to the working muscles. Although the mechanisms underpinning these responses are not yet firmly established, it appears that localized hypoxia created by BFR may provide an anabolic stimulus by enhancing the metabolic and endocrine response, and increase cellular swelling and signalling function following resistance exercise. Moreover, BFR has also been demonstrated to increase type II muscle fibre recruitment during exercise.However, inappropriate implementation of BFR can result in detrimental effects, including petechial haemorrhage and dizziness. Further, as BFR is limited to the limbs, the muscles of the trunk are unable to be trained under localized hypoxia. More recently, the use of systemic hypoxia via hypoxic chambers and devices has been investigated as a novel way to stimulate similar physiological responses to resistance training as BFR techniques. While little evidence is available, reports indicate that beneficial adaptations, similar to those induced by BFR, are possible using these methods. The use of systemic hypoxia allows large groups to train concurrently within a hypoxic chamber using multi-joint exercises. However, further scientific research is required to fully understand the mechanisms that cause augmented muscular changes during resistance exercise with a localized or systemic hypoxic stimulus.3

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“…Under normal conditions, muscle fibre recruitment follows the size principle, which dictates that smaller motor units are recruit first, with the larger and more powerful motor units being recruited with increasing exercise loads [26]. However, given that metabolic acidosis can stimulate group III and IV afferents [27], mechanistically speaking, a reflexive net inhibitory effect on the α-motor neuron may result [28], facilitating increased fibre recruitment to protect against conduction failure [29]. Simply stated, if a greater number of 10 muscle fibres are stimulated during a training session, then a greater portion of the muscle must respond to the exercise stress and undergo adaptation.…”

Section: Anabolic Effects Of Metabolic Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intermittent hypoxic resistance training: Is metabolic stress the key moderator?

Scott¹,

Slattery

Dascombe³

2015

Medical Hypotheses

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Traditionally, researchers and practitioners have manipulated acute resistance exercise variables to elicit the desired responses to training. However, recent research indicates that altering the muscular environment during resistance training, namely by implementing a hypoxic stimulus, can augment muscle hypertrophy and strength.Intermittent hypoxic resistance training (IHRT), whereby participants inspire hypoxic air during resistance training, has been previously demonstrated to increase muscle cross-sectional area and maximum strength by significantly greater amounts than the equivalent training in normoxia. However, some recent evidence has provided conflicting results, reporting that the use of systemic hypoxia during resistance training provided no added benefit. While the definitive mechanisms that may augment muscular responses to IHRT are not yet fully understood, an increased metabolic stress is thought to be important for moderating many downstream processes related to hypertrophy. It is likely that methodological differences between conflicting IHRT studies have resulted in different degrees of metabolic stress during training, particularly when considering the inter-set recovery intervals used. Given that the most fundamental physiological stresses resulting from hypoxia are disturbances to oxidative metabolism, it becomes apparent that resistance training may only benefit from additional hypoxia if the exercise is structured to elicit a strong metabolic response. We hypothesize that for IHRT to be more effective in producing muscular hypertrophy and increasing strength than the equivalent normoxic training, exercise should be performed with relatively brief inter-set recovery periods, with the aim of providing a potent metabolic stimulus to enhance anabolic responses.3

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Venous blood gas and metabolite response to low-intensity muscle contractions with external limb compression

Cited by 146 publications

References 41 publications

Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction: An Updated Evidence-Based Approach for Enhanced Muscular Development

Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction: An Updated Evidence-Based Approach for Enhanced Muscular Development

Hypoxia and Resistance Exercise: A Comparison of Localized and Systemic Methods

Intermittent hypoxic resistance training: Is metabolic stress the key moderator?

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