Venous malformations of the head and neck: current concepts in management

Fowell, C.; Linares, C. Verea; Jones, Robert G.; Nishikawa, Hiroshi; Monaghan, Andrew

doi:10.1016/j.bjoms.2016.10.023

Cited by 41 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…In contrast, a vascular malformation is a result of abnormal vasculogenesis, appears at birth, increases gradually with age, and never disappears throughout life [5] [6] [7]. Vascular malformations frequently occur in the lip, tongue, and maxillofacial and oral regions [5] [6] [7]. Although several studies have reported vascular malformations occurring in the masseter muscle and buccal pad in the buccal or Open Journal of Stomatology midfacial region [22] [10], no previous report has documented a case of multiple organized thromboses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vascular anomalies in the soft tissue come under two categories: haemangioma/ How to cite this paper: Yamamoto, H., Murakami, K., Kawai, M., Nagatsuka, H. caused by abnormal vasculogenesis, appears at birth, increases gradually with age, and never disappears throughout life [5] [6] [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although vascular malformations can develop in any part of the human body, they frequently develop in the head and maxillofacial region [5] [6] [7], and occasionally include phlebolithiasis [8] [9] [10]. Various vascular malformations have been reported to form thromboses [11]- [18], but few reports have documented their existence in the maxillofacial region [19] [20] [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vascular Malformation with Multiple Organized Thromboses in Buccal Region

Yamamoto¹,

Murakami²,

Kawai³

et al. 2017

OJST

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Vascular malformations occur most frequently in the maxillofacial and oral regions. Although many cases of vascular malformations with phlebolithiasis have been reported, only few reports have documented cases of thrombosis formation. We report a rare case of a vascular malformation with multiple thromboses in the left buccal region. A 28-year-old woman had a painless swelling in the left cheek when she consulted our hospital. T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging revealed a low-signal lesion, having the same intensity as the muscle, in the left buccal region, and T2-weighted imaging revealed a high-signal lesion. Additionally, three tuberous tumours were noted in this lesion showing both a light high signal on T1-weighted imaging and a low signal on T2-weighted imaging. Based on these imaging findings, as well as clinical and pathological findings, the patient was diagnosed with multiple vascular malformations in the left midfacial region. The three tuberous tumours showed necrotic tissue in the central area, which was formed by calcified and concentric fibrous tissue, and vascularization. Because tumorous lesion and typical vascular structure by the Elastica Van Gieson staining were not observed, these tumours were seemed that fibrin thrombus in this lesion formed the organized tissue.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Vascular Malformation with Multiple Organized Thromboses in Buccal Region

Yamamoto¹,

Murakami²,

Kawai³

et al. 2017

OJST

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“…2,35 The underlying mechanisms of sclerotherapy for VM are associated with the obliteration of dilated vessels caused by endothelium destruction through induction of inflammation and fibrosis. 36,37 Bleomycin, a gentle and effective sclerosant, is widely adopted for VM treatment. 36 As a common inducer of fibrosis, bleomycin has also been frequently used for establishing models of pulmonary fibrosis, which is characterized by excessive deposition of ECM components in lung tissues.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Downregulation of lysyl oxidase in venous malformations: Association with vascular destabilization and sclerotherapy

Zhu

Shao

Guo

et al. 2020

The Journal of Dermatology

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Venous malformations (VM) are localized defects in vascular morphogenesis manifested by dilated venous channels with reduced perivascular cell coverage. As a vital enzyme for extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, lysyl oxidase (LOX) plays important roles in vascular development and diseases. However, the expression and significance of LOX are unknown in VM. Herein, 22 VM specimens and eight samples of normal skin tissues were evaluated immunohistochemically for the expression of LOX, α-smooth muscle cell actin (α-SMA) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). In vitro studies on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were employed for determining potential mechanisms. Our results showed that LOX expression was significantly reduced in VM compared with normal skin tissues, in parallel with attenuated perivascular α-SMA + cell coverage and TGF-β downregulation in VM. Further correlation analysis indicated that LOX expression was positively correlated with perivascular α-SMA + cell coverage and TGF-β expression in VM. Moreover, marked elevation of LOX, TGF-β and α-SMA was observed in bleomycin-treated VM samples. Furthermore, our in vitro data demonstrated that both recombinant TGF-β and bleomycin induced obvious increase of LOX expression and activity and a concomitant increase in ECM components in HUVEC, which could be reversed by LOX inhibition. To our best knowledge, this study revealed for the first time the downregulation of LOX in VM and its correlation with vascular destabilization and TGF-β-induced endothelial ECM deposition. Moreover, our results highlighted that LOX may be implicated in the sclerotherapy of VM and holds promise as a therapeutic target.

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