Venus Figurines of the European Paleolithic: Symbols of Fertility or Attractiveness?

Abstract

The earliest known representations of the human female form are the European Paleolithic “Venus figurines,” ranging in age from 23,000 to 25,000 years. We asked participants to rate images of Paleolithic figurines for their attractiveness, age grouping and reproductive status. Attractiveness was positively correlated with measures of the waist-to hip ratio (WHR) of figurines, consistent with the “sexually attractive symbolism” hypothesis. However, most figurines had high WHRs (>1.0) and received low attractiveness scores. Participants rated most figurines as representing middle-aged or young adult women, rather than being adolescent or older (postmenopausal). While some were considered to represent pregnant women, consistent with the “fertility symbol” hypothesis, most were judged as being non-pregnant. Some figurines depict obese, large-breasted women, who are in their mature reproductive years and usually regarded as being of lower attractiveness. At the time these figurines were made, Europe was in the grip of a severe ice age. Obesity and survival into middle age after multiple pregnancies may have been rare in the European Upper Paleolithic. We suggest that depictions of corpulent, middle-aged females were not “Venuses” in any conventional sense. They may, instead, have symbolized the hope for survival and longevity, within well-nourished and reproductively successful communities.

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“…The intricacy and time spent creating and curating these objects gives weight to the idea that they may have had emotional significance, and encouraged emotional attachments. Moreover 'Venus' figurines tend to depict mature women, rather than young adults or adolescents, consistent with being caring figures, rather than erotica (Dixson and Dixson 2012).…”

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“…The supernatural was represented by the imaginary female figurines [20] and cave paintings [21]. During this harsh time, Neanderthals became extinct, because Neanderthals required about 600 or 700 calories a day more than humans to survive [22], and probably also because Neanderthals did not develop such re- Instinctive worldview affects perceptions.…”

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“…The Upper Paleolithic Period was a very difficult cold period that prompted vulnerable humans to turn to the imaginary supernatural for the survival. The imaginary supernatural was represented by the imaginary well-nourished and fertile female figurines with the accent on female breasts and the posterior [18] and the imaginary cave paintings with imaginary vital and powerful animals [19]. To help people to survive the harsh time and to change the fate facing grim winters and a scarce food supply, the female figurines symbolized and brought the hope for a well-nourished and fertile community, and the cave paintings symbolized and brought the hope for a vital and powerful community.…”