Verification and reformulation of the competitive exclusion principle

Kalmykov, Lev V.; Kalmykov, Vyacheslav L.

doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2013.07.006

Cited by 27 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…As classical ecological theory predicts that two or more species cannot coexist when competing for a single limited resource, it is commonly assumed that species with similar resource requirements need to differentiate their use of resources (Hardin, 1960;Meszéna et al, 2006;Kalmykov and Kalmykov, 2013). Parasitoid wasps that attack and develop in the same host can achieve this e.g., by temporal and spatial separation (Comins and Hassel, 1996;Hackett-Jones et al, 2009;Sachet et al, 2009), specialization on different developmental stages of the host (Briggs et al, 1993;Yamamoto et al, 2007), specialization on different microhabitats (Fleury et al, 2009), differential host detection behavior (van Dijken and van Alphen, 1998), or wasp life history parameters (Bonsall et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Niche separation of pollen beetle parasitoids

et al. 2015

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Species with similar resource requirements are commonly assumed to competitively exclude each other, unless they differentiate their ecological niches. Hence, parasitoid wasps that use the same host species need to find some way to avoid competition. The aim of this study was to identify the role of volatile cues from oilseed rape plants and the larval host in niche separation between three coexisting parasitoid species. We examined how Phradis interstitialis, Phradis morionellus and Tersilochus heterocerus, sympatric parasitoids of Brassicogethes aeneus, differ in their abundances, distribution on buds and flowers, and oviposition behavior in the field. Furthermore, we tested their preferences for odors from uninfested and infested oilseed rape plants in the bud and flowering stage, and their preferences for odors from three developmental stages of pollen beetle larvae in a two-choice olfactometer bioassay. P. interstitialis was active in the field early in the season, preferred odors of infested buds vs. uninfested, and oviposited into buds which contained only pollen beetle eggs, while P. morionellus was active late in the season, preferred odors of infested buds as well as odors of infested flowers over uninfested, and oviposited into buds which contained only larvae. T. heterocerus was active throughout the season, and preferred odors of infested flowers over uninfested. Neither Phradis species were attracted to larval odors, whereas T. heterocerus was attracted to odors from first-instar pollen beetle larvae both in the absence of plant odors, and when presented simultaneously with uninfested plant odor. This suggests that the two Phradis species are separated on a temporal scale and that they parasitize different host stages, while the larval parasitoids P. morionellus and T. heterocerus are separated by choice of microhabitat. The former oviposits into larvae in buds, and the latter in flowers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Niche separation of pollen beetle parasitoids

et al. 2015

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“…Earlier we created white-box models of interspecific competition between two, three and four species. They are based on logical deterministic individual-based cellular automata that simultaneously consider both part-whole and cause-effect relationships (Kalmykov and Kalmykov 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Solution to the Biodiversity Paradox by Logical Deterministic Cellular Automata

Kalmykov

2015

Acta Biotheor

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The paradox of biological diversity is the key problem of theoretical ecology. The paradox consists in the contradiction between the competitive exclusion principle and the observed biodiversity. The principle is important as the basis for ecological theory. On a relatively simple model we show a mechanism of indefinite coexistence of complete competitors which violates the known formulations of the competitive exclusion principle. This mechanism is based on timely recovery of limiting resources and their spatio-temporal allocation between competitors. Because of limitations of the black-box modeling there was a problem to formulate the exclusion principle correctly. Our white-box multiscale model of two-species competition is based on logical deterministic individual-based cellular automata. This approach provides an automatic deductive inference on the basis of a system of axioms, and gives a direct insight into mechanisms of the studied system. It is one of the most promising methods of artificial intelligence. We reformulate and generalize the competitive exclusion principle and explain why this formulation provides a solution of the biodiversity paradox. In addition, we propose a principle of competitive coexistence.

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“…In order to solve this issue we verified the competitive exclusion principle by logical deterministic individual-based cellular automata [3,15]. These models are based on an ecological formalism of excitable medium.…”

Section: On the Competitive Exclusion Principlementioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are two possibilities-the principle is false and it should be rejected, or its definition is false and should be corrected. We have reformulated the competitive exclusion principle as follows [3]: If each and every individual of a less fit species in any attempt to use any limiting resource always has a direct conflict of interest with an individual of a most fittest species and always loses, then, all other things being equal for all individuals of the competing species, these species cannot coexist indefinitely and the less fit species will be excluded from the habitat in the long run. This is a mechanistic definition of the principle.…”

Section: On the Competitive Exclusion Principlementioning

confidence: 99%

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Axiomatic cellular automata modelling as a promising way to a general theory of ecological physics

Kalmykov¹,

Kalmykov²,

Kalmykov³

2017

MOJES

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The observed loss of biodiversity calls to create a general theory of ecological physics for better understanding of the events. Due to the inseparable mutuality of organism and environment, ecological physics should combine biophysics (physics of organisms) and environmental physics. We guess that a general theory of ecological physics should include as an abstract physical description of an ecosystem and a tool for its transparent ("white box") modelling. Such a theory should have a system of basic axioms. Here we demonstrate that logical cellular automata allow to create transparent models of ecosystems. The system of basic axioms of the general theory of ecological physics performs the role of the cellular automata rules. We believe that such a transparent mathematical modelling from the first principles is very promising not only for the ecology, but also for modelling of any complex dynamic systems. deterministic inference of white-box models. Here we introduce a physics-based semantics (ontology) of our ecosystem models. Further, we transform this semantics to a set of axiomatic cellular automata rules. An elementary object of our models is a micro ecosystem. This is the basic ideal "self-moving" object of our models. Autonomous dynamics of this object is characterized by a set of states, and the diagram of their sequential change in accordance with the principles of the extreme. Following Tansley, we consider individuals with their ''special environment, with which they form one physical system'' [1]. A microhabitat is the intrinsic part of environmental resources of one individual and it contains all necessary resources for its life. It is an intrinsic part of all environmental resources and conditions per one individual. The high-grade (''fresh'') energy flow of solar radiation provides an individual's life in a microhabitat. The flow of lowered-grade (''used-up'') energy which is produced during an individual's life goes into the cold space and also provides the conditions for an individual's life in a microhabitat. A living organism is not able to function without the heat output to a ''refrigerator''. Ultimately, the cold space performs a role of the refrigerator. A working cycle of a micro ecosystem's processes represents a closed circle, which includes occupation of a microhabitat by an individual and restoration of used resources after an individual's death. A micro eco-system, includes a single microhabitat and is able to provide a single accommodation of one individual, but it cannot provide its propagation. This is due to the fact that after an individual's death, its microhabitat goes into a regeneration (refractory) state, which is not suitable for immediate occupation. A minimal ecosystem, providing a possibility of vegetative propagation of an individual, must consist of two microhabitats. In our models vegetative propagation is carried out due to resources of an individual's microhabitat by placing a finished vegetative primordium of a descendant in a free microhabitat of an indiv...

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Verification and reformulation of the competitive exclusion principle

Cited by 27 publications

References 34 publications

Niche separation of pollen beetle parasitoids

Niche separation of pollen beetle parasitoids

A Solution to the Biodiversity Paradox by Logical Deterministic Cellular Automata

Axiomatic cellular automata modelling as a promising way to a general theory of ecological physics

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