Verification of Meso-Zeaxanthin in Fish

Nolan, John M.; Beatty, Stephen; Meagher, Katie; Howard, Alan; Kelly, David; Thurnham, David I.

doi:10.4172/2157-7110.1000335

Cited by 26 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…meso -Zeaxanthin is rarely found in the human diet, but it has been detected in shrimp carapace, fish skin, and turtle fat, where all three isomers of zeaxanthin were found (Maoka et al, 1986), and Nolan's group has recently confirmed its presence in fish skin using more modern methods (Nolan et al, 2014; Thurnham et al, 2015). A significant amount of meso -zeaxanthin has been detected in commercially produced chicken eggs in Mexico where it is commonly added to the feed to achieve desirable coloration (Wang et al, 2007).…”

Section: Basic Science Of the Macular Pigment Carotenoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin: The basic and clinical science underlying carotenoid-based nutritional interventions against ocular disease

Bernstein

Vachali

et al. 2016

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

451

419

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The human macula uniquely concentrates three carotenoids: lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin. Lutein and zeaxanthin must be obtained from dietary sources such as green leafy vegetables and orange and yellow fruits and vegetables, while meso-zeaxanthin is rarely found in diet and is believed to be formed at the macula by metabolic transformations of ingested carotenoids. Epidemiological studies and large-scale clinical trials such as AREDS2 have brought attention to the potential ocular health and functional benefits of these three xanthophyll carotenoids consumed through the diet or supplements, but the basic science and clinical research underlying recommendations for nutritional interventions against age-related macular degeneration and other eye diseases are underappreciated by clinicians and vision researchers alike. In this review article, we first examine the chemistry, biophysics, and physiology of these yellow pigments that are specifically concentrated in the macula lutea through the means of high-affinity binding proteins and specialized transport and metabolic proteins where they play important roles as short-wavelength (blue) light-absorbers and localized, efficient antioxidants in a region at high risk for light-induced oxidative stress. Next, we turn to clinical evidence supporting functional benefits of these carotenoids in normal eyes and for their potential protective actions against ocular disease from infancy to old age.

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Section: Basic Science Of the Macular Pigment Carotenoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin: The basic and clinical science underlying carotenoid-based nutritional interventions against ocular disease

Bernstein

Vachali

et al. 2016

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

451

419

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The macula is located roughly in the center of the retina and is responsible for detailed central vision. The yellow coloration of the macula is due to the presence of the macular pigment (MP) in the axons of its photoreceptors [1] which is composed of lutein, zeaxanthin-major carotenoids in the human diet (mainly from fruits and vegetables)-and meso-zeaxanthin, which is believed to be obtained from the dietary lutein in the retina and, in small amounts, from the diet [2]. These carotenoids are found at the macula in higher concentrations than anywhere else in the body.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of lutein and zeaxanthin status and dietary markers as predictors of the contrast threshold in 2 age groups of men and women

2016

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Lutein and zeaxanthin (L + Z) status is associated with the macular pigment (MP). The relationship between MP and visual function is controversial. We hypothesized that, within the framework of nutrition, visual function was related to MP and nutritional and/or/dietary factors influencing it. A cross-sectional study was performed in 108 volunteers divided into 2 age groups (20-35 years; 45-65 years), each 27 women and 27 men, to assess the relationship between MP optical density (MPOD) and contrast threshold (CT), considering the influence of L + Z and, fruit and vegetable (F + V) intake. MPOD, L + Z in serum and dietary intake were determined using heterochromatic flicker photometry, high-performance liquid chromatography and 3-day food records, respectively. CT was measured with the CGT-1000 Contrast Glaretester at 6 stimulus sizes, with and without glare. Spearman correlation coefficient and a generalized linear model were used for the statistical study. MPOD and CT were higher and lower, respectively in younger than in elder individuals (P < .000) and were correlated only in the older group. CT were higher under glare conditions, at the intermediate and smaller visual angles, with greater differences in the older (P < .003) than the younger group (P < .014). In the total sample, CT correlated inversely with MPOD (correlation coefficients and P values ranging from -.245 to -.152 and from .000 to .026, respectively) and directly with F + V intake (correlation coefficients and P values ranging from -.265 to -.176 and from .000 to .010, respectively). As predictors of CT in the total sample, MPOD, F + V (every 100 g/d) and sex were identified (β coefficients ranged from -0.01 to -1.86; from 0.01 to 0.08 and from 0.01 to 0.40, respectively). CT revealed age-specific nutritional predictors: MPOD and serum lutein in the 45- to 65-year group, and F + V intake in the 20- to 35-year group.

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“…This is a unique phenomenon in nature, especially since vertebrates normally obtain carotenoids through their diet and are incapable of producing these molecules de novo (2,3). meso-zeaxanthin is not commonly found in dietary sources; besides the eyes of vertebrates, this carotenoid is present in shrimp shells, turtle fat, and fish skin (2,4,5). Hundreds of carotenoids are present in nature, and even though primates consume more than 50 of them, meso-zeaxanthin is one of only three carotenoids present in the foveal center of the retina, the region responsible for sharp, central vision.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

RPE65 has an additional function as the lutein to meso -zeaxanthin isomerase in the vertebrate eye

Shyam

Gorusupudi

Nelson

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Carotenoids are plant-derived pigment molecules that vertebrates cannot synthesize de novo that protect the fovea of the primate retina from oxidative stress and light damage. -Zeaxanthin is an ocular-specific carotenoid for which there are no common dietary sources. It is one of the three major carotenoids present at the foveal center, but the mechanism by which it is produced in the eye is unknown. An isomerase enzyme is thought to be responsible for the transformation of lutein to-zeaxanthin by a double-bond shift mechanism, but its identity has been elusive. We previously found that -zeaxanthin is produced in a developmentally regulated manner in chicken embryonic retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/choroid in the absence of light. In the present study, we show that RPE65, the isomerohydrolase enzyme of the vertebrate visual cycle that catalyzes the isomerization of all-retinyl esters to 11--retinol, is also the isomerase enzyme responsible for the production of -zeaxanthin in vertebrates. Its RNA is up-regulated 23-fold at the time of-zeaxanthin production during chicken eye development, and we present evidence that overexpression of either chicken or human RPE65 in cell culture leads to the production of -zeaxanthin from lutein. Pharmacologic inhibition of RPE65 function resulted in significant inhibition of-zeaxanthin biosynthesis during chicken eye development. Structural docking experiments revealed that the epsilon ring of lutein fits into the active site of RPE65 close to the nonheme iron center. This report describes a previously unrecognized additional activity of RPE65 in ocular carotenoid metabolism.

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Verification of Meso-Zeaxanthin in Fish

Cited by 26 publications

References 43 publications

Lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin: The basic and clinical science underlying carotenoid-based nutritional interventions against ocular disease

Lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin: The basic and clinical science underlying carotenoid-based nutritional interventions against ocular disease

Assessment of lutein and zeaxanthin status and dietary markers as predictors of the contrast threshold in 2 age groups of men and women

RPE65 has an additional function as the lutein to meso -zeaxanthin isomerase in the vertebrate eye

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