Vernalization requires epigenetic silencing of FLC by histone methylation

Bastow, Ruth; Mylne, Joshua S.; Lister, Clare; Lippman, Zachary B.; Martienssen, Robert A.; Dean, Caroline

doi:10.1038/nature02269

Cited by 869 publications

(715 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…These data demonstrate that the FLC orthologues follow a different expression pattern in annual and perennial Arabis taxa, consistent with data obtained from perennial and annual Arabidopsis species (Bastow et al . 2004; Sung & Amasino 2004; Finnegan & Dennis 2007; Aikawa et al . 2010; Kemi et al .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2004). By contrast, in several perennial Brassicaceae species, levels of expression of orthologues of FLC cycle in response to temperature, so that they fall in cold and rise again in subsequent periods of warm (Wang et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Repression of expression of both FLC and PEP1 during vernalization correlates with accumulation of trimethylation on lysine 27 of histone 3 (H3K27me3) starting from a region referred to as the nucleation region (Bastow et al . 2004; Wang et al . 2009; Angel et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Divergence of annual and perennial species in the Brassicaceae and the contribution of cis‐acting variation at FLC orthologues

Kiefer

Severing

Karl³

et al. 2017

Molecular Ecology

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Variation in life history contributes to reproductive success in different environments. Divergence of annual and perennial angiosperm species is an extreme example that has occurred frequently. Perennials survive for several years and restrict the duration of reproduction by cycling between vegetative growth and flowering, whereas annuals live for 1 year and flower once. We used the tribe Arabideae (Brassicaceae) to study the divergence of seasonal flowering behaviour among annual and perennial species. In perennial Brassicaceae, orthologues of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), a floral inhibitor in Arabidopsis thaliana, are repressed by winter cold and reactivated in spring conferring seasonal flowering patterns, whereas in annuals, they are stably repressed by cold. We isolated FLC orthologues from three annual and two perennial Arabis species and found that the duplicated structure of the A. alpina locus is not required for perenniality. The expression patterns of the genes differed between annuals and perennials, as observed among Arabidopsis species, suggesting a broad relevance of these patterns within the Brassicaceae. Also analysis of plants derived from an interspecies cross of A. alpina and annual A. montbretiana demonstrated that cis‐regulatory changes in FLC orthologues contribute to their different transcriptional patterns. Sequence comparisons of FLC orthologues from annuals and perennials in the tribes Arabideae and Camelineae identified two regulatory regions in the first intron whose sequence variation correlates with divergence of the annual and perennial expression patterns. Thus, we propose that related cis‐acting changes in FLC orthologues occur independently in different tribes of the Brassicaceae during life history evolution.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Divergence of annual and perennial species in the Brassicaceae and the contribution of cis‐acting variation at FLC orthologues

Kiefer

Severing

Karl³

et al. 2017

Molecular Ecology

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“…Vernalization-mediated repression of FLC is associated with histone modifications such as methylation of histone H3 Lys 9 (H3K9) and Lys 27 (H3K27) as well as H3 deacetylation (Bastow et al 2004;Sung and Amasino 2004). A plant homeodomain (PHD) finger-containing protein, VERNALIZATION , is required for FLC repression by vernalization and the associated modifications to FLC chromatin (Sung and Amasino 2004).…”

Section: Flowering Locus C (Flc) and Flowering Lo-cus M (Flm) In Thementioning

confidence: 99%

A PHD finger protein involved in both the vernalization and photoperiod pathways in Arabidopsis

Sung¹,

Schmitz²,

Amasino³

2006

Genes Dev.

219

261

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The proper timing of flowering is critical for successful reproduction. The perception of the seasonal cues of daylength changes and exposure to cold influences flowering time in many plant species through the photoperiod and vernalization pathways, respectively. Here we show that a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger-containing protein, VIN3-LIKE 1 (VIL1), participates in both the photoperiod and vernalization pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana by regulating expression of the related floral repressors FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) and FLOWERING LO-CUS M (FLM). In the vernalization pathway, VIL1, along with VERNALIZATION INSENSITIVE 3 (VIN3), is necessary for the modifications to FLC and FLM chromatin that are associated with an epigenetically silenced state and with acquisition of competence to flower. In addition, VIL1 regulates FLM independently of VIN3 in a photoperiod-dependent manner.Supplemental material is available at http://www.genesdev.org.Received September 13, 2006; revised version accepted October 13, 2006. The transition to flowering is a critical developmental event in the plant life cycle. In many plants, the perception of seasonal changes affects the timing of this transition. Two environmental cues that many plant species monitor for flowering time control are the prolonged cold of winter and changing day length; these cues promote flowering through the vernalization and photoperiod pathways, respectively. Most accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana exhibit a facultative response to these signals: In the absence of either environmental cue, flowering is delayed but nevertheless eventually occurs.In Arabidopsis, vernalization results in the mitotically stable repression of the potent floral repressor, FLOW-ERING LOCUS C (FLC) (Michaels and Amasino 1999;Sheldon et al. 1999). Vernalization-mediated repression of FLC is associated with histone modifications such as methylation of histone H3 Lys 9 (H3K9) and Lys 27 (H3K27) as well as H3 deacetylation (Bastow et al. 2004;Sung and Amasino 2004). A plant homeodomain (PHD) finger-containing protein, VERNALIZATION , is required for FLC repression by vernalization and the associated modifications to FLC chromatin (Sung and Amasino 2004). Here we show that a related PHD finger-containing protein, VIN3-LIKE 1 (VIL1), identified in a screen for proteins that interact with VIN3, cooperates with VIN3 in the vernalizationmediated repression of FLC. Furthermore, independently of VIN3 activity, VIL1 mediates the photoperiod-specific repression of another member of the FLC clade. Thus, VIL1 is involved in the regulation of flowering by two environmental-sensing pathways. Results and DiscussionBecause VIN3 is essential for the vernalization response (Sung and Amasino 2004) and PHD finger-containing proteins are often members of multisubunit chromatin remodeling complexes (Bienz 2006), we searched for potential components of a VIN3 complex using the yeast two-hybrid system. This screen revealed two independent VIN3-interacting clones encoding C-terminal regions of At3g24440. In...

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“…In different organisms, the site [9], sequence [5,10], and level of modification [2,11] may be different in some cases, while conserved in others. Although there is vast information available about the functional role of specific histone modifications [12][13][14], the potential role of histone modification in regulation of development has remained elusive. In this study, we report the characterization of five antibodies that specifically target four modified histone sites and the initial application of those antibodies to determine the levels of those four specific histone modifications in different species as well as in different organs of the selected species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of rabbit monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies for detection of site-specific histone modifications and their application in analyzing overall modification levels

et al. 2006

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In addition to DNA sequence information, site-specific histone modifications are another important determinant of gene expression in a eukaryotic organism. We selected four modification sites in common histones that are known to significantly impact chromatin function and generated monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies that recognize each of those site-specific modifications. We used these antibodies to demonstrate that the site-specific histone modification levels remain relatively constant in different organs of the same organism. We also compared the levels of selected histone modifications among several representative organisms and found that site-specific modifications are highly variable among different organisms, providing new insight into the evolutionary divergence of specific histone modifications.

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Vernalization requires epigenetic silencing of FLC by histone methylation

Cited by 869 publications

References 29 publications

Divergence of annual and perennial species in the Brassicaceae and the contribution of cis‐acting variation at FLC orthologues

Divergence of annual and perennial species in the Brassicaceae and the contribution of cis‐acting variation at FLC orthologues

A PHD finger protein involved in both the vernalization and photoperiod pathways in Arabidopsis

Development of rabbit monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies for detection of site-specific histone modifications and their application in analyzing overall modification levels

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