Vertebral Osteoporosis and Trabecular Bone Quality

McDonnell, Pat; McHugh, Peter E.; O’Mahoney, D.

doi:10.1007/s10439-006-9239-9

Cited by 119 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 160 publications

(216 reference statements)

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“…Furthermore, reduced cortical bone thickness would impair the biomechanical properties of bone in this model since the relationship of cortical BMD and geometry to bone strength has also been documented [2]. Other factors such as trabecular architecture, tissue properties and microdamage are important for maintaining the mechanical integrity of bone [23] and should be investigated further in this model. Nonetheless, the significant impact of osteoporosis on the mechanical loading characteristics of the lumbar spine confirms the suitability of this model for developing and testing new surgical strategies for treating vertebral osteoporosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Validation of the sheep as a large animal model for the study of vertebral osteoporosis

Zarrinkalam¹,

Beard²,

Schultz

et al. 2008

Eur Spine J

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Rats have long been the animal of choice for research in the field of osteoporosis. In the search for a complementary large animal model the sheep appears useful but hitherto the extent of bone loss from the spine has failed to reach a level that is generally accepted as osteoporotic in humans. Osteoporosis was induced in ten sheep using ovariectomy, low calcium diet and steroid injection for 6 months. Bone samples of iliac crest (IC), lumbar spine (LS), and proximal femur (PF) from the osteoporotic sheep were compared with those from four normal sheep using densitometry, histomorphometry, biochemistry and basic mechanical testing. The differences were examined using an analysis of variance with Tukey-Kramer test. Overall, the bone mineral density at LS and PF decreased more than 25% after treatment. Trabecular bone volume decreased by 29.2, 33.4 and 42.6% in IC, LS and PF, respectively. The failure load of the LS in axial compression was reduced to 2,003 from 6,140 N. The extent of bone loss was sufficient to categorise these sheep as osteoporotic although the pattern of bone loss varied between sites. Reduced mechanical competence in LS confirmed the suitability of this model for evaluation of potential treatments for osteoporosis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Validation of the sheep as a large animal model for the study of vertebral osteoporosis

Zarrinkalam¹,

Beard²,

Schultz

et al. 2008

Eur Spine J

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“…This view is reinforced by finite element analyses of human vertebral bone specimens, which demonstrates that vertical trabeculae are more highly strained than horizontal ones under normal compressive loading, the [14,36] . Consequently, it is important to quantify the trabecular thickness as well as bone volume fraction for horizontal and vertical trabecular bone Figure 1 The trabecular bone mineral density of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae [22] .…”

Section: Vertebramentioning

confidence: 94%

“…There is a negative correlation between vertebral cancellous BMD and spinal fracture [14] . It is necessary to examine regional BMD separately in different levels, as osteoporosis-related spinal fractures occur frequently in the midthoracic region and thoracolumbar transitional area, as described by Wasnich [18] .…”

Section: Vertebramentioning

confidence: 96%

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Bone three-dimensional microstructural features of the common osteoporotic fracture sites

Chen

Kubo

2014

WJO

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Osteoporosis is a common metabolic skeletal disorder characterized by decreased bone mass and deteriorated bone structure, leading to increased susceptibility to fractures. With aging population, osteoporotic fractures are of global health and socioeconomic importance. The three-dimensional microstructural information of the common osteoporosis-related fracture sites, including vertebra, femoral neck and distal radius, is a key for fully understanding osteoporosis pathogenesis and predicting the fracture risk. Low vertebral bone mineral density (BMD) is correlated with increased fracture of the spine. Vertebral BMD decreases from cervical to lumbar spine, with the lowest BMD at the third lumbar vertebra. Trabecular bone mass of the vertebrae is much lower than that of the peripheral bone. Cancellous bone of the vertebral body has a complex heterogeneous three-dimensional microstructure, with lower bone volume in the central and anterior superior regions. Trabecular bone quality is a key element to maintain the vertebral strength. The increased fragility of osteoporotic femoral neck is attributed to low cancellous bone volume and high compact porosity. Compared with age-matched controls, increased cortical porosity is observed at the femoral neck in osteoporotic fracture patients. Distal radius demonstrates spatial inhomogeneous characteristic in cortical microstructure. The medial region of the distal radius displays the highest cortical porosity compared with the lateral, anterior and posterior regions. Bone strength of the distal radius is mainly determined by cortical porosity, which deteriorates with advancing age. Key words: Osteoporosis; Fracture; Microstructure; Trabecular bone; Cortical bone; Vertebra; Femoral neck; Distal radius Core tip: The most common sites of the osteoporotic fractures include the vertebra, femoral neck and distal radius, where the microstructural information is a key for fully understanding osteoporosis pathogenesis and improving the prediction of fracture risk. Vertebral strength is mostly preserved by trabecular bone, which is microstructurally inhomogeneous, with lower bone volume in the central and anterior superior regions. Increased fragility of osteoporotic femoral neck is attributed to low cancellous bone volume and high compact porosity. Distal radius shows significant variations in cortical porosity, which is the major element attributed to bone strength of the distal radius.

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“…A number of studies indicate that BMD only predicts approximately 60% of fracture risk (Roschger et al, 1998;McDonnell et al, 2007;Seeman, 2008;D'Elia et al, 2009). …”

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confidence: 99%

A study of human and bovine trabecular bones using nanoindentation and quantitative backscattered electron imaging

Lin¹

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Osteoporosis is a disease with which bone progressively loses density and becomes fragile, leading to high risk of bone fracture. It is a major health issue in Australia, especially in the elderly population. Early awareness about the disease can help find effective medication and reduce bone fractures with appropriate lifestyle changes. In medical diagnosis, bone mineral density (BMD) measurement is used. However, thereare increased evidences to demonstrate that BMD measurement alone may be insufficient to detect the pathological changes in bone that caused by the disease. Therefore, it is essential to gain a more complete understanding of the bone properties and their effect on osteoporosis.Bone is a hierarchical composite material, which mainly consists of mineral apatite and organic matrix. Previous studies found that osteoporosis or aging could cause microstructural changes in trabecular bones of a proximal femur, the most common site for osteoporosis, and an increased degree of anisotropy was observed in osteoporotic bone properties. To identify the risk of fracture occurrence in the proximal femur as well as to prevent bone fracture, it is important to understand the relationship between bone mineral composition and bone mechanical properties. This thesis thus focused on the characterisation of the mechanical properties and mineral composition of trabecular bone, in order to address several key issues relating to the causes of osteoporosis, including: how does trabecular bone respond to different loading directions? how do bone cysts (which are the implication of pathological scenario due to the trabecular fracture) affect the mechanical properties and the mineral composition of trabeculae ? how does the mineral content affect the mechanical properties of trabeculae across different trabecular types and pathology scenarios ?To answer those questions, trabecular bone samples harvested from bovine and human femoral heads were prepared for testing. Nanoindentation was first used to characterise the mechanical behaviour of trabeculae and atomic force microscopy (AFM) was employed to examine the bone surface tomography. Quantitative backscattered electron imaging (qBEI) was utilized for determining the bone mineral density distribution and the mineral content.ii The results showed that at microscopic scale longitudinal trabeculae were stiffer and harder than transverse trabeculae, because those bones were more highly mineralized.Longitudinal trabeculae also exhibited greater resistance to plastic deformation. The difference in mechanical properties between longitudinal and transverse trabeculae is partially attributed to the difference in their mineral compositions. To further understand the mechanical behaviour of trabeculae, longitudinal and transverse trabeculae were tested in two orthogonal directions. Results showed that both longitudinal and transverse trabeculae had greater elastic modulus in axial direction than in radial direction. Because the axial loading direction is axially aligned with th...

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Vertebral Osteoporosis and Trabecular Bone Quality

Cited by 119 publications

References 160 publications

Validation of the sheep as a large animal model for the study of vertebral osteoporosis

Validation of the sheep as a large animal model for the study of vertebral osteoporosis

Bone three-dimensional microstructural features of the common osteoporotic fracture sites

A study of human and bovine trabecular bones using nanoindentation and quantitative backscattered electron imaging

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