Vertical distribution of gases and aerosols: The behaviour of ammonia and related components in the lower atmosphere

Erisman, J. W.; Vermetten, A.W.M.; Asman, W. A. H.; Waijers-Ijpelaan, A.; Slanina, J.

doi:10.1016/0004-6981(88)90345-9

Cited by 134 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Secondary components like nitric acid are removed at the ground and, therefore, their vertical distribution near the ground can be calculated form the layer averaged concentration using information on their deposition velocity. In contrast, due to surface emissions ammonia concentrations decline with height in their source areas (Erisman et al, 1988). As calculation of the concentrations at a reference height of two meter takes deposition processes into account but not emission, the calculated ammonia concentrations at 2 m in or nearby sources may be substantially underestimated.…”

Section: Ammoniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Secondary inorganic aerosol simulations for Europe with special attention to nitrate

Loon²,

et al. 2004

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Abstract.Nitrate is an important component of (secondary inorganic) fine aerosols in Europe. We present a model simulation for the year 1995 in which we account for the formation of secondary inorganic aerosols including ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate, a semi volatile component. For this purpose, the chemistry-transport model LOTOS was extended with a thermodynamic equilibrium module and additional relevant processes to account for secondary aerosol formation and deposition. During winter, fall and especially spring high nitrate levels are projected over north western, central and eastern Europe. During winter nitrate concentrations are highest in Italy, in accordance with observed data. In winter nitric acid, the precursor for aerosol nitrate is formed through heterogeneous reactions on the surface of aerosols. Modelled and observed sulphate concentrations show little seasonal variation. Compared to sulphate levels, appreciable ammonium nitrate concentrations in summer are limited to those areas with high ammonia emissions, e.g. the Netherlands, since high ammonia concentrations are necessary to stabilise this aerosol component at high temperatures. As a consequence of the strong seasonal variation in nitrate levels the AOD depth of nitrate over Europe is especially significant compared to that of sulphate in winter and spring when equal AOD values are calculated over large parts of Europe. Averaged over all stations the model reproduces the measured concentrations for NO 3 , SO 4 , NH 4 , TNO 3 (HNO 3 +NO 3 ), TNH 4 (NH 3 +NH 4 ) and SO 2 within 20%. The daily variation is captured well, albeit that the model does not always represent the amplitude of single events. The model underestimates wet deposition which was attributed to the crude representation of cloud processes.Comparison of retrieved and computed aerosol optical depth (AOD) showed that the model underestimates AOD signifiCorrespondence to: M. Schaap (m.schaap@mep.tno.nl) cantly, which was expected due to the lack of carbonaceous aerosols, sea salt and dust in the model. The treatment of ammonia was found to be a major source for uncertainties in the model representation of secondary aerosols. Also, inclusion of sea salt is necessary to properly assess the nitrate and nitric acid levels in marine areas.

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Section: Ammoniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Secondary inorganic aerosol simulations for Europe with special attention to nitrate

Loon²,

et al. 2004

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“…Erisman et al [114] reported an average conversion rate constant of 1.0 x 10 -4 s _1 during daytime periods and 5 x 10~5 s _1 during nighttime periods with nitric acid being the main acidic component in the atmosphere. To make their long-range transport model fit actual atmospheric measurements, Asman and van Jaarsveld [115] used a value for k of 8 x 10 -5 s -1 .…”

Section: Reaction Of Ammonia With Sulfuric and Sulfate Aerosols Undermentioning

confidence: 99%

Fate of ammonia in the atmosphere?a review for applicability to hazardous releases

Renard

Calidonna

Henley³

2004

Journal of Hazardous Materials

142

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“…It is the dominant gaseous base and is responsible for determining the level of atmospheric acidity. 1 The role that NH 3 plays in neutralizing acidic aerosols has led to many studies concerning health effects of atmospheric aerosols. 2,3 Higher local emissions of NH 3 result in the enhancement of aerosol formation that ultimately results in the following:…”

Section: Ammonia (Nhmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Passive Flux Denuder for Evaluating Emissions of Ammonia at a Dairy Farm

Fitz

Pisano

Malkina

et al. 2003

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Passive samplers have been shown to be an inexpensive alternative to direct sampling. Diffusion denuders have been developed to measure the concentration of species such as ammonia (NH 3 ), which is in equilibrium with particulate ammonium nitrate. Conventional denuder sampling has required active sampling that inherently requires air pumps and, therefore, electrical power. To estimate emissions of NH 3 from a fugitive source would require an array of active samplers and meteorological measurements to estimate the flux. A recently developed fabric denuder was configured in an open tube to passively sample NH 3 flux. Passive and active samplers were collocated at a dairy farm at the California State University, Fresno, Agricultural Research Facility. During this comparison study, NH 3 flux measurements were made at the dairy farm lagoon before and after the lagoon underwent acidification. Comparisons were made of the flux measurements obtained directly from the passive flux denuder and those calculated from an active filter pack sampler and wind velocity. The results show significant correlation between the two methods, although a correction factor needed to be applied to directly compare the two techniques. This passive sampling approach significantly reduces the cost and complexity of sampling and has the potential to economically develop a larger inventory base for ambient NH 3 emissions.

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Vertical distribution of gases and aerosols: The behaviour of ammonia and related components in the lower atmosphere

Cited by 134 publications

References 26 publications

Secondary inorganic aerosol simulations for Europe with special attention to nitrate

Secondary inorganic aerosol simulations for Europe with special attention to nitrate

Fate of ammonia in the atmosphere?a review for applicability to hazardous releases

A Passive Flux Denuder for Evaluating Emissions of Ammonia at a Dairy Farm

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